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[LeetCode] 528. Random Pick with Weight #528

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grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments
Open

[LeetCode] 528. Random Pick with Weight #528

grandyang opened this issue May 30, 2019 · 0 comments

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@grandyang
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grandyang commented May 30, 2019

 

Given an array w of positive integers, where w[i] describes the weight of index i, write a function pickIndex which randomly picks an index in proportion to its weight.

Note:

  1. 1 <= w.length <= 10000
  2. 1 <= w[i] <= 10^5
  3. pickIndex will be called at most 10000 times.

Example 1:

Input: 
["Solution","pickIndex"]
[[[1]],[]]
Output: [null,0]

Example 2:

Input: 
["Solution","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex"]
[[[1,3]],[],[],[],[],[]]
Output: [null,0,1,1,1,0]

Explanation of Input Syntax:

The input is two lists: the subroutines called and their arguments. Solution's constructor has one argument, the array wpickIndex has no arguments. Arguments are always wrapped with a list, even if there aren't any.

 

这道题给了一个权重数组,让我们根据权重来随机取点,现在的点就不是随机等概率的选取了,而是要根据权重的不同来区别选取。比如题目中例子2,权重为 [1, 3],表示有两个点,权重分别为1和3,那么就是说一个点的出现概率是四分之一,另一个出现的概率是四分之三。由于我们的rand()函数是等概率的随机,那么我们如何才能有权重的随机呢,我们可以使用一个trick,由于权重是1和3,相加为4,那么我们现在假设有4个点,然后随机等概率取一个点,随机到第一个点后就表示原来的第一个点,随机到后三个点就表示原来的第二个点,这样就可以保证有权重的随机啦。那么我们就可以建立权重数组的累加和数组,比如若权重数组为 [1, 3, 2] 的话,那么累加和数组为 [1, 4, 6],整个的权重和为6,我们 rand() % 6,可以随机出范围 [0, 5] 内的数,随机到 0 则为第一个点,随机到 1,2,3 则为第二个点,随机到 4,5 则为第三个点,所以我们随机出一个数字x后,然后再累加和数组中查找第一个大于随机数x的数字,使用二分查找法可以找到第一个大于随机数x的数字的坐标,即为所求,参见代码如下:

 

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
    Solution(vector<int> w) {
        sum = w;
        for (int i = 1; i < w.size(); ++i) {
            sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + w[i];
        }
    }
    
    int pickIndex() {
        int x = rand() % sum.back(), left = 0, right = sum.size() - 1;
        while (left < right) {
            int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
            if (sum[mid] <= x) left = mid + 1;
            else right = mid;
        }
        return right;
    }
    
private:
    vector<int> sum;
};

 

我们也可以把二分查找法换为STL内置的upper_bound函数,根据上面的分析,我们随机出一个数字x后,然后再累加和数组中查找第一个大于随机数x的数字,使用二分查找法可以找到第一个大于随机数x的数字的坐标。而upper_bound() 函数刚好就是查找第一个大于目标值的数,lower_bound() 函数是找到第一个不小于目标值的数,用在这里就不太合适了,关于二分搜索发的分类可以参见博主之前的博客LeetCode Binary Search Summary 二分搜索法小结,参见代码如下:

 

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
    Solution(vector<int> w) {
        sum = w;
        for (int i = 1; i < w.size(); ++i) {
            sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + w[i];
        }
    }
    
    int pickIndex() {
        int x = rand() % sum.back();
        return upper_bound(sum.begin(), sum.end(), x) - sum.begin();
    }
    
private:
    vector<int> sum;
};

 

讨论:这题有个很好的follow up,就是说当weights数组经常变换怎么办,那么这就有涉及到求变化的区域和问题了,在博主之前的一道 Range Sum Query - Mutable 中有各种方法详细的讲解。只要把两道题的解法的精髓融合到一起就行了,可以参见论坛上的这个帖子

 

类似题目:

Random Pick Index

Random Pick with Blacklist 

Random Point in Non-overlapping Rectangles

 

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/discuss/154024/JAVA-8-lines-TreeMap

https://leetcode.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/discuss/154772/C%2B%2B-concise-binary-search-solution

https://leetcode.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/discuss/154044/Java-accumulated-freq-sum-and-binary-search

 

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)

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