diff --git a/packages/integration-tests/test/circuit-relay.node.ts b/packages/integration-tests/test/circuit-relay.node.ts
index bdfcf6fba1..72a185ae8c 100644
--- a/packages/integration-tests/test/circuit-relay.node.ts
+++ b/packages/integration-tests/test/circuit-relay.node.ts
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ const echoService = (components: EchoServiceComponents): unknown => {
           stream, stream
         )
       }, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
     },
     stop () {}
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
 
       // open hop stream and try to connect to remote
       const stream = await local.dialProtocol(ma, RELAY_V2_HOP_CODEC, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
 
       const hopStream = pbStream(stream).pb(HopMessage)
@@ -638,12 +638,12 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       expect(circuitListener[0].relayStore.listenerCount('relay:removed')).to.equal(1)
     })
 
-    it('should mark an outgoing relayed connection as transient', async () => {
+    it('should mark an outgoing relayed connection as limited', async () => {
       // discover relay and make reservation
       const connectionToRelay = await remote.dial(relay1.getMultiaddrs()[0])
 
-      // connection to relay should not be marked transient
-      expect(connectionToRelay).to.have.property('transient', false)
+      // connection to relay should not be limited
+      expect(connectionToRelay).to.have.property('limits').that.is.undefined()
 
       await usingAsRelay(remote, relay1)
 
@@ -651,16 +651,16 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
       const connection = await local.dial(ma)
 
-      // connection to remote through relay should be marked transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection to remote through relay should be limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
     })
 
-    it('should mark an incoming relayed connection as transient', async () => {
+    it('should mark an incoming relayed connection as limited', async () => {
       // discover relay and make reservation
       const connectionToRelay = await remote.dial(relay1.getMultiaddrs()[0])
 
-      // connection to relay should not be marked transient
-      expect(connectionToRelay).to.have.property('transient', false)
+      // connection to relay should not be limited
+      expect(connectionToRelay).to.have.property('limits').that.is.undefined()
 
       await usingAsRelay(remote, relay1)
 
@@ -668,13 +668,13 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
       await local.dial(ma)
 
-      // connection from local through relay should be marked transient
+      // connection from local through relay should be limited
       const connections = remote.getConnections(local.peerId)
       expect(connections).to.have.lengthOf(1)
-      expect(connections).to.have.nested.property('[0].transient', true)
+      expect(connections).to.have.nested.property('[0].limits').that.is.ok()
     })
 
-    it('should not open streams on a transient connection', async () => {
+    it('should not open streams on a limited connection', async () => {
       // discover relay and make reservation
       await remote.dial(relay1.getMultiaddrs()[0])
       await usingAsRelay(remote, relay1)
@@ -683,21 +683,21 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
       const connection = await local.dial(ma)
 
-      // connection should be marked transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection should be marked limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
 
       await expect(connection.newStream('/my-protocol/1.0.0'))
-        .to.eventually.be.rejected.with.property('code', 'ERR_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION')
+        .to.eventually.be.rejected.with.property('code', 'ERR_LIMITED_CONNECTION')
     })
 
-    it('should not allow incoming streams on a transient connection', async () => {
+    it('should not allow incoming streams on a limited connection', async () => {
       const protocol = '/my-protocol/1.0.0'
 
-      // remote registers handler, disallow running over transient streams
+      // remote registers handler, disallow running over limited connections
       await remote.handle(protocol, ({ stream }) => {
         void pipe(stream, stream)
       }, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: false
+        runOnLimitedConnection: false
       })
 
       // discover relay and make reservation
@@ -708,23 +708,23 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
       const connection = await local.dial(ma)
 
-      // connection should be marked transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection should be marked limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
 
       await expect(connection.newStream('/my-protocol/1.0.0', {
-        runOnTransientConnection: false
+        runOnLimitedConnection: false
       }))
-        .to.eventually.be.rejected.with.property('code', 'ERR_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION')
+        .to.eventually.be.rejected.with.property('code', 'ERR_LIMITED_CONNECTION')
     })
 
-    it('should open streams on a transient connection when told to do so', async () => {
+    it('should open streams on a limited connection when told to do so', async () => {
       const protocol = '/my-protocol/1.0.0'
 
-      // remote registers handler, allow running over transient streams
+      // remote registers handler, allow running over limited streams
       await remote.handle(protocol, ({ stream }) => {
         void pipe(stream, stream)
       }, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
 
       // discover relay and make reservation
@@ -735,11 +735,11 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
       const connection = await local.dial(ma)
 
-      // connection should be marked transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection should be marked limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
 
       await expect(connection.newStream('/my-protocol/1.0.0', {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       }))
         .to.eventually.be.ok()
     })
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
           } catch {}
         })
       }, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
 
       // dial the remote from the local through the relay
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
 
       try {
         const stream = await local.dialProtocol(ma, protocol, {
-          runOnTransientConnection: true
+          runOnLimitedConnection: true
         })
 
         await stream.sink(async function * () {
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
 
       const stream = await local.dialProtocol(ma, ECHO_PROTOCOL, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
 
       // write more than the default data limit
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
 
       const stream = await local.dialProtocol(ma, ECHO_PROTOCOL, {
-        runOnTransientConnection: true
+        runOnLimitedConnection: true
       })
 
       let finished = false
@@ -1107,21 +1107,21 @@ describe('circuit-relay', () => {
       expect(finish - start).to.be.greaterThan(defaultDurationLimit)
     })
 
-    it('should not mark an outgoing connection as transient', async () => {
+    it('should not mark an outgoing connection as limited', async () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
 
       const connection = await local.dial(ma)
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', false)
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.undefined()
     })
 
-    it('should not mark an incoming connection as transient', async () => {
+    it('should not mark an incoming connection as limited', async () => {
       const ma = getRelayAddress(remote)
 
       await local.dial(ma)
 
       const connections = remote.getConnections(local.peerId)
       expect(connections).to.have.lengthOf(1)
-      expect(connections).to.have.nested.property('[0].transient', false)
+      expect(connections).to.have.nested.property('[0].limits').that.is.undefined()
     })
   })
 })
diff --git a/packages/integration-tests/test/dcutr.node.ts b/packages/integration-tests/test/dcutr.node.ts
index c6c839a2a4..8cca4b3c40 100644
--- a/packages/integration-tests/test/dcutr.node.ts
+++ b/packages/integration-tests/test/dcutr.node.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('dcutr', () => {
   async function waitForOnlyDirectConnections (): Promise<void> {
     await pRetry(async () => {
       const connections = libp2pA.getConnections(libp2pB.peerId)
-      const onlyDirect = connections.filter(conn => !conn.transient)
+      const onlyDirect = connections.filter(conn => conn.limits == null)
 
       if (onlyDirect.length === connections.length) {
         // all connections are direct
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ describe('dcutr', () => {
       const relayedAddress = multiaddr(`/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/${RELAY_PORT}/p2p/${relay.peerId}/p2p-circuit/p2p/${libp2pB.peerId}`)
       const connection = await libp2pA.dial(relayedAddress)
 
-      // connection should be transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection should be limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
 
       // wait for DCUtR unilateral upgrade
       await waitForOnlyDirectConnections()
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ describe('dcutr', () => {
       const relayedAddress = multiaddr(`/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/${RELAY_PORT}/p2p/${relay.peerId}/p2p-circuit/p2p/${libp2pB.peerId}`)
       const connection = await libp2pA.dial(relayedAddress)
 
-      // connection should be transient
-      expect(connection).to.have.property('transient', true)
+      // connection should be limited
+      expect(connection).to.have.property('limits').that.is.ok()
 
       // wait for DCUtR unilateral upgrade
       await waitForOnlyDirectConnections()
diff --git a/packages/integration-tests/test/fetch.spec.ts b/packages/integration-tests/test/fetch.spec.ts
index f4fc888223..c715b97cd2 100644
--- a/packages/integration-tests/test/fetch.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/integration-tests/test/fetch.spec.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ async function createNode (): Promise<Libp2p<{ fetch: Fetch }>> {
 
 describe('fetch', () => {
   if (isWebWorker) {
-    it.skip('tests are skipped because WebWorkers can only have transient connections', () => {
+    it.skip('tests are skipped because WebWorkers can only have limited connections', () => {
 
     })
     return
diff --git a/packages/integration-tests/test/ping.spec.ts b/packages/integration-tests/test/ping.spec.ts
index 90e5450cfe..bff84fd143 100644
--- a/packages/integration-tests/test/ping.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/integration-tests/test/ping.spec.ts
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('ping', () => {
         stream
       )
     }, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     const latency = await nodes[0].services.ping.ping(nodes[1].getMultiaddrs())
diff --git a/packages/interface-compliance-tests/src/mocks/connection.ts b/packages/interface-compliance-tests/src/mocks/connection.ts
index 8dd0fddaee..fdb605bc4a 100644
--- a/packages/interface-compliance-tests/src/mocks/connection.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-compliance-tests/src/mocks/connection.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 import { mockMultiaddrConnection } from './multiaddr-connection.js'
 import { mockMuxer } from './muxer.js'
 import { mockRegistrar } from './registrar.js'
-import type { AbortOptions, ComponentLogger, Logger, MultiaddrConnection, Connection, Stream, Direction, ConnectionTimeline, ConnectionStatus, PeerId, StreamMuxer, StreamMuxerFactory, NewStreamOptions } from '@libp2p/interface'
+import type { AbortOptions, ComponentLogger, Logger, MultiaddrConnection, Connection, Stream, Direction, ConnectionTimeline, ConnectionStatus, PeerId, StreamMuxer, StreamMuxerFactory, NewStreamOptions, ConnectionLimits } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { Registrar } from '@libp2p/interface-internal'
 import type { Multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
 import type { Duplex, Source } from 'it-stream-types'
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MockConnection implements Connection {
   public status: ConnectionStatus
   public streams: Stream[]
   public tags: string[]
-  public transient: boolean
+  public limits?: ConnectionLimits
   public log: Logger
 
   private readonly muxer: StreamMuxer
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ class MockConnection implements Connection {
     this.tags = []
     this.muxer = muxer
     this.maConn = maConn
-    this.transient = false
     this.logger = logger
     this.log = logger.forComponent(this.id)
   }
diff --git a/packages/interface-internal/src/registrar/index.ts b/packages/interface-internal/src/registrar/index.ts
index 086bf22323..edddb9daf3 100644
--- a/packages/interface-internal/src/registrar/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-internal/src/registrar/index.ts
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@ export interface StreamHandlerOptions {
   /**
    * If true, allow this protocol to run on limited connections (e.g.
    * connections with data or duration limits such as circuit relay
-   * connections) (default: false)
+   * connections)
+   *
+   * @default false
    */
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 }
 
 export interface StreamHandlerRecord {
diff --git a/packages/interface/src/connection/index.ts b/packages/interface/src/connection/index.ts
index 9379eab041..6e9216565c 100644
--- a/packages/interface/src/connection/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface/src/connection/index.ts
@@ -185,12 +185,16 @@ export interface NewStreamOptions extends AbortOptions {
   maxOutboundStreams?: number
 
   /**
-   * Opt-in to running over a transient connection - one that has time/data limits
-   * placed on it.
+   * Opt-in to running over a limited connection - one that has restrictions
+   * on the amount of data that may be transferred or how long it may be open for.
+   *
+   * These limits are typically enforced by a relay server, if the protocol
+   * will be transferring a lot of data or the stream will be open for a long time
+   * consider upgrading to a direct connection before opening the stream.
    *
    * @default false
    */
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 
   /**
    * By default when negotiating a protocol the dialer writes then protocol name
@@ -222,6 +226,29 @@ export interface NewStreamOptions extends AbortOptions {
 
 export type ConnectionStatus = 'open' | 'closing' | 'closed'
 
+/**
+ * Connection limits are present on connections that are only allowed to
+ * transfer a certain amount of bytes or be open for a certain number
+ * of seconds.
+ *
+ * These limits are applied by Circuit Relay v2 servers, for example and
+ * the connection will normally be closed abruptly if the limits are
+ * exceeded.
+ */
+export interface ConnectionLimits {
+  /**
+   * If present this is the number of bytes remaining that may be
+   * transferred over this connection
+   */
+  bytes?: bigint
+
+  /**
+   * If present this is the number of seconds that this connection will
+   * remain open for
+   */
+  seconds?: number
+}
+
 /**
  * A Connection is a high-level representation of a connection
  * to a remote peer that may have been secured by encryption and
@@ -280,12 +307,11 @@ export interface Connection {
   status: ConnectionStatus
 
   /**
-   * A transient connection is one that is not expected to be open for very long
-   * or one that cannot transfer very much data, such as one being used as a
-   * circuit relay connection. Protocols need to explicitly opt-in to being run
-   * over transient connections.
+   * If present, this connection has limits applied to it, perhaps by an
+   * intermediate relay. Once the limits have been reached the connection will
+   * be closed by the relay.
    */
-  transient: boolean
+  limits?: ConnectionLimits
 
   /**
    * Create a new stream on this connection and negotiate one of the passed protocols
diff --git a/packages/interface/src/index.ts b/packages/interface/src/index.ts
index ca48df06dd..cd81122d82 100644
--- a/packages/interface/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface/src/index.ts
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ export interface IsDialableOptions extends AbortOptions {
    * because that protocol would not be allowed to run over a data/time limited
    * connection.
    */
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 }
 
 export type TransportManagerDialProgressEvents =
diff --git a/packages/interface/src/stream-handler/index.ts b/packages/interface/src/stream-handler/index.ts
index e4ca91c6b3..df409d5973 100644
--- a/packages/interface/src/stream-handler/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface/src/stream-handler/index.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ export interface StreamHandlerOptions {
   maxOutboundStreams?: number
 
   /**
-   * Opt-in to running over a transient connection - one that has time/data limits
-   * placed on it.
+   * Opt-in to running over connections with limits on how much data can be
+   * transferred or how long it can be open for.
    */
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 }
 
 export interface StreamHandlerRecord {
diff --git a/packages/interface/src/topology/index.ts b/packages/interface/src/topology/index.ts
index 1df12a601e..ada83dc7a0 100644
--- a/packages/interface/src/topology/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface/src/topology/index.ts
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ export interface Topology {
   filter?: TopologyFilter
 
   /**
-   * If true, invoke `onConnect` for this topology on transient (e.g. short-lived
-   * and/or data-limited) connections
+   * If true, invoke `onConnect` for this topology on limited connections, e.g.
+   * ones with limits on how much data can be transferred or how long they can
+   * be open for.
    *
    * @default false
    */
-  notifyOnTransient?: boolean
+  notifyOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 
   /**
    * Invoked when a new connection is opened to a peer that supports the
diff --git a/packages/interface/src/transport/index.ts b/packages/interface/src/transport/index.ts
index 5d7d13a62d..1cb8ab6ce9 100644
--- a/packages/interface/src/transport/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface/src/transport/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Connection, MultiaddrConnection } from '../connection/index.js'
+import type { Connection, ConnectionLimits, MultiaddrConnection } from '../connection/index.js'
 import type { TypedEventTarget } from '../event-target.js'
 import type { AbortOptions } from '../index.js'
 import type { StreamMuxerFactory } from '../stream-muxer/index.js'
@@ -104,12 +104,7 @@ export interface UpgraderOptions<ConnectionUpgradeEvents extends ProgressEvent =
   skipEncryption?: boolean
   skipProtection?: boolean
   muxerFactory?: StreamMuxerFactory
-
-  /**
-   * The passed MultiaddrConnection has limits place on duration and/or data
-   * transfer amounts so is not expected to be open for very long.
-   */
-  transient?: boolean
+  limits?: ConnectionLimits
 }
 
 export type InboundConnectionUpgradeEvents =
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/dial-queue.ts b/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/dial-queue.ts
index f96e6aff7b..6dae392cb9 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/dial-queue.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/dial-queue.ts
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ export class DialQueue {
     try {
       const addresses = await this.calculateMultiaddrs(undefined, new Set(multiaddr.map(ma => ma.toString())), options)
 
-      if (options.runOnTransientConnection === false) {
+      if (options.runOnLimitedConnection === false) {
         // return true if any resolved multiaddrs are not relay addresses
         return addresses.find(addr => {
           return !Circuit.matches(addr.multiaddr)
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/index.ts b/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/index.ts
index d8c441fc9d..85a34fd748 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/index.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/src/connection-manager/index.ts
@@ -505,10 +505,10 @@ export class DefaultConnectionManager implements ConnectionManager, Startable {
     if (peerId != null && options.force !== true) {
       this.log('dial %p', peerId)
       const existingConnection = this.getConnections(peerId)
-        .find(conn => !conn.transient)
+        .find(conn => conn.limits == null)
 
       if (existingConnection != null) {
-        this.log('had an existing non-transient connection to %p', peerId)
+        this.log('had an existing non-limited connection to %p', peerId)
 
         options.onProgress?.(new CustomProgressEvent('dial-queue:already-connected'))
         return existingConnection
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/src/connection/index.ts b/packages/libp2p/src/connection/index.ts
index f8cc0a7c23..c3955ca47c 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/src/connection/index.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/src/connection/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { connectionSymbol, CodeError, setMaxListeners } from '@libp2p/interface'
-import type { AbortOptions, Logger, ComponentLogger, Direction, Connection, Stream, ConnectionTimeline, ConnectionStatus, NewStreamOptions, PeerId } from '@libp2p/interface'
+import type { AbortOptions, Logger, ComponentLogger, Direction, Connection, Stream, ConnectionTimeline, ConnectionStatus, NewStreamOptions, PeerId, ConnectionLimits } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { Multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
 
 const CLOSE_TIMEOUT = 500
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ interface ConnectionInit {
   timeline: ConnectionTimeline
   multiplexer?: string
   encryption?: string
-  transient?: boolean
+  limits?: ConnectionLimits
   logger: ComponentLogger
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export class ConnectionImpl implements Connection {
   public multiplexer?: string
   public encryption?: string
   public status: ConnectionStatus
-  public transient: boolean
+  public limits?: ConnectionLimits
   public readonly log: Logger
 
   /**
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export class ConnectionImpl implements Connection {
     this.timeline = init.timeline
     this.multiplexer = init.multiplexer
     this.encryption = init.encryption
-    this.transient = init.transient ?? false
+    this.limits = init.limits
     this.log = init.logger.forComponent(`libp2p:connection:${this.direction}:${this.id}`)
 
     if (this.remoteAddr.getPeerId() == null) {
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ export class ConnectionImpl implements Connection {
       protocols = [protocols]
     }
 
-    if (this.transient && options?.runOnTransientConnection !== true) {
-      throw new CodeError('Cannot open protocol stream on transient connection', 'ERR_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION')
+    if (this.limits != null && options?.runOnLimitedConnection !== true) {
+      throw new CodeError('Cannot open protocol stream on limited connection', 'ERR_LIMITED_CONNECTION')
     }
 
     const stream = await this._newStream(protocols, options)
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/src/registrar.ts b/packages/libp2p/src/registrar.ts
index fe9317fffb..c775b14c95 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/src/registrar.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/src/registrar.ts
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ export class DefaultRegistrar implements Registrar {
       }
 
       for (const topology of topologies.values()) {
-        if (connection.transient && topology.notifyOnTransient !== true) {
+        if (connection.limits != null && topology.notifyOnLimitedConnection !== true) {
           continue
         }
 
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/src/upgrader.ts b/packages/libp2p/src/upgrader.ts
index 0c3068ff67..622725149b 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/src/upgrader.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/src/upgrader.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { createConnection } from './connection/index.js'
 import { INBOUND_UPGRADE_TIMEOUT } from './connection-manager/constants.js'
 import { codes } from './errors.js'
 import { DEFAULT_MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS, DEFAULT_MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS } from './registrar.js'
-import type { Libp2pEvents, AbortOptions, ComponentLogger, MultiaddrConnection, Connection, Stream, ConnectionProtector, NewStreamOptions, ConnectionEncrypter, SecuredConnection, ConnectionGater, TypedEventTarget, Metrics, PeerId, PeerStore, StreamMuxer, StreamMuxerFactory, Upgrader, UpgraderOptions } from '@libp2p/interface'
+import type { Libp2pEvents, AbortOptions, ComponentLogger, MultiaddrConnection, Connection, Stream, ConnectionProtector, NewStreamOptions, ConnectionEncrypter, SecuredConnection, ConnectionGater, TypedEventTarget, Metrics, PeerId, PeerStore, StreamMuxer, StreamMuxerFactory, Upgrader, UpgraderOptions, ConnectionLimits } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { ConnectionManager, Registrar } from '@libp2p/interface-internal'
 
 const DEFAULT_PROTOCOL_SELECT_TIMEOUT = 30000
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ interface CreateConnectionOptions {
   upgradedConn: MultiaddrConnection
   remotePeer: PeerId
   muxerFactory?: StreamMuxerFactory
-  transient?: boolean
+  limits?: ConnectionLimits
 }
 
 interface OnStreamOptions {
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ export class DefaultUpgrader implements Upgrader {
         upgradedConn,
         muxerFactory,
         remotePeer,
-        transient: opts?.transient
+        limits: opts?.limits
       })
     } finally {
       signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ export class DefaultUpgrader implements Upgrader {
       upgradedConn,
       muxerFactory,
       remotePeer,
-      transient: opts?.transient
+      limits: opts?.limits
     })
   }
 
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ export class DefaultUpgrader implements Upgrader {
       upgradedConn,
       remotePeer,
       muxerFactory,
-      transient
+      limits
     } = opts
 
     let muxer: StreamMuxer | undefined
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ export class DefaultUpgrader implements Upgrader {
       timeline: maConn.timeline,
       multiplexer: muxer?.protocol,
       encryption: cryptoProtocol,
-      transient,
+      limits,
       logger: this.components.logger,
       newStream: newStream ?? errConnectionNotMultiplexed,
       getStreams: () => { if (muxer != null) { return muxer.streams } else { return [] } },
@@ -617,8 +617,8 @@ export class DefaultUpgrader implements Upgrader {
     const { connection, stream, protocol } = opts
     const { handler, options } = this.components.registrar.getHandler(protocol)
 
-    if (connection.transient && options.runOnTransientConnection !== true) {
-      throw new CodeError('Cannot open protocol stream on transient connection', 'ERR_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION')
+    if (connection.limits != null && options.runOnLimitedConnection !== true) {
+      throw new CodeError('Cannot open protocol stream on limited connection', 'ERR_LIMITED_CONNECTION')
     }
 
     handler({ connection, stream })
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/test/connection-manager/index.spec.ts b/packages/libp2p/test/connection-manager/index.spec.ts
index 5dce1b63e3..eb0380fae8 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/test/connection-manager/index.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/test/connection-manager/index.spec.ts
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ describe('Connection Manager', () => {
       .to.eventually.be.true()
   })
 
-  it('should allow dialing peers when an existing transient connection exists', async () => {
+  it('should allow dialing peers when an existing limited connection exists', async () => {
     connectionManager = new DefaultConnectionManager(defaultComponents(libp2p.peerId), {
       ...defaultOptions,
       maxIncomingPendingConnections: 1
@@ -527,7 +527,9 @@ describe('Connection Manager', () => {
     const addr = multiaddr(`/ip4/123.123.123.123/tcp/123/p2p/${targetPeer}`)
 
     const existingConnection = stubInterface<Connection>({
-      transient: true
+      limits: {
+        bytes: 100n
+      }
     })
     const newConnection = stubInterface<Connection>()
 
@@ -535,7 +537,7 @@ describe('Connection Manager', () => {
       .withArgs(addr)
       .resolves(newConnection)
 
-    // we have an existing transient connection
+    // we have an existing limited connection
     const map = connectionManager.getConnectionsMap()
     map.set(targetPeer, [
       existingConnection
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/test/core/core.spec.ts b/packages/libp2p/test/core/core.spec.ts
index 3c45a33431..a7d9b92772 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/test/core/core.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/test/core/core.spec.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('core', () => {
     await expect(libp2p.isDialable(ma)).to.eventually.be.true()
   })
 
-  it('should test if a protocol can run over a transient connection', async () => {
+  it('should test if a protocol can run over a limited connection', async () => {
     libp2p = await createLibp2p({
       transports: [
         webSockets(),
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ describe('core', () => {
     })
 
     await expect(libp2p.isDialable(multiaddr('/dns4/example.com/tls/ws'), {
-      runOnTransientConnection: false
+      runOnLimitedConnection: false
     })).to.eventually.be.true()
 
     await expect(libp2p.isDialable(multiaddr('/dns4/example.com/tls/ws/p2p/12D3KooWSExt8hTzoaHEhn435BTK6BPNSY1LpTc1j2o9Gw53tXE1/p2p-circuit/p2p/12D3KooWSExt8hTzoaHEhn435BTK6BPNSY1LpTc1j2o9Gw53tXE2'), {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })).to.eventually.be.true()
 
     await expect(libp2p.isDialable(multiaddr('/dns4/example.com/tls/ws/p2p/12D3KooWSExt8hTzoaHEhn435BTK6BPNSY1LpTc1j2o9Gw53tXE1/p2p-circuit/p2p/12D3KooWSExt8hTzoaHEhn435BTK6BPNSY1LpTc1j2o9Gw53tXE2'), {
-      runOnTransientConnection: false
+      runOnLimitedConnection: false
     })).to.eventually.be.false()
   })
 })
diff --git a/packages/libp2p/test/registrar/registrar.spec.ts b/packages/libp2p/test/registrar/registrar.spec.ts
index 3e0671d540..d7fc97ab7f 100644
--- a/packages/libp2p/test/registrar/registrar.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/libp2p/test/registrar/registrar.spec.ts
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ describe('registrar topologies', () => {
     await onDisconnectDefer.promise
   })
 
-  it('should not call topology handlers for transient connection', async () => {
+  it('should not call topology handlers for limited connection', async () => {
     const onConnectDefer = pDefer()
     const onDisconnectDefer = pDefer()
 
@@ -220,18 +220,20 @@ describe('registrar topologies', () => {
     const remotePeerId = await createEd25519PeerId()
     const conn = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
 
-    // connection is transient
-    conn.transient = true
+    // connection is limited
+    conn.limits = {
+      bytes: 100n
+    }
 
     // return connection from connection manager
     connectionManager.getConnections.withArgs(matchPeerId(remotePeerId)).returns([conn])
 
     const topology: Topology = {
       onConnect: () => {
-        onConnectDefer.reject(new Error('Topolgy onConnect called for transient connection'))
+        onConnectDefer.reject(new Error('Topolgy onConnect called for limited connection'))
       },
       onDisconnect: () => {
-        onDisconnectDefer.reject(new Error('Topolgy onDisconnect called for transient connection'))
+        onDisconnectDefer.reject(new Error('Topolgy onDisconnect called for limited connection'))
       }
     }
 
@@ -258,21 +260,23 @@ describe('registrar topologies', () => {
     ])).to.eventually.not.be.rejected()
   })
 
-  it('should call topology onConnect handler for transient connection when explicitly requested', async () => {
+  it('should call topology onConnect handler for limited connection when explicitly requested', async () => {
     const onConnectDefer = pDefer()
 
     // setup connections before registrar
     const remotePeerId = await createEd25519PeerId()
     const conn = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
 
-    // connection is transient
-    conn.transient = true
+    // connection is limited
+    conn.limits = {
+      bytes: 100n
+    }
 
     // return connection from connection manager
     connectionManager.getConnections.withArgs(matchPeerId(remotePeerId)).returns([conn])
 
     const topology: Topology = {
-      notifyOnTransient: true,
+      notifyOnLimitedConnection: true,
       onConnect: () => {
         onConnectDefer.resolve()
       }
@@ -293,12 +297,12 @@ describe('registrar topologies', () => {
     await expect(onConnectDefer.promise).to.eventually.be.undefined()
   })
 
-  it('should call topology handlers for non-transient connection opened after transient connection', async () => {
+  it('should call topology handlers for non-limited connection opened after limited connection', async () => {
     const onConnectDefer = pDefer()
     let callCount = 0
 
     const topology: Topology = {
-      notifyOnTransient: true,
+      notifyOnLimitedConnection: true,
       onConnect: () => {
         callCount++
 
@@ -313,33 +317,37 @@ describe('registrar topologies', () => {
 
     // setup connections before registrar
     const remotePeerId = await createEd25519PeerId()
-    const transientConnection = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
-    transientConnection.transient = true
+    const limitedConnection = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
+    limitedConnection.limits = {
+      bytes: 100n
+    }
 
-    const nonTransientConnection = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
-    nonTransientConnection.transient = false
+    const nonLimitedConnection = mockConnection(mockMultiaddrConnection(mockDuplex(), remotePeerId))
+    nonLimitedConnection.limits = {
+      bytes: 100n
+    }
 
     // return connection from connection manager
     connectionManager.getConnections.withArgs(matchPeerId(remotePeerId)).returns([
-      transientConnection,
-      nonTransientConnection
+      limitedConnection,
+      nonLimitedConnection
     ])
 
-    // remote peer connects over transient connection
+    // remote peer connects over limited connection
     events.safeDispatchEvent('peer:identify', {
       detail: {
         peerId: remotePeerId,
         protocols: [protocol],
-        connection: transientConnection
+        connection: limitedConnection
       }
     })
 
-    // remote peer opens non-transient connection
+    // remote peer opens non-limited connection
     events.safeDispatchEvent('peer:identify', {
       detail: {
         peerId: remotePeerId,
         protocols: [protocol],
-        connection: nonTransientConnection
+        connection: nonLimitedConnection
       }
     })
 
diff --git a/packages/protocol-dcutr/README.md b/packages/protocol-dcutr/README.md
index 674e4842aa..c7aa38d814 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-dcutr/README.md
+++ b/packages/protocol-dcutr/README.md
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ await node.dial(ma)
 while (true) {
   const connections = node.getConnections()
 
-  if (connections.find(conn => conn.transient === false)) {
+  if (connections.find(conn => conn.limits == null)) {
     console.info('have direct connection')
     break
   } else {
diff --git a/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/dcutr.ts b/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/dcutr.ts
index 2ebfffbc0c..9476048fe8 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/dcutr.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/dcutr.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { CodeError, ERR_INVALID_MESSAGE, serviceDependencies } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import { type Multiaddr, multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
+import { Circuit } from '@multiformats/multiaddr-matcher'
 import delay from 'delay'
 import { pbStream } from 'it-protobuf-stream'
 import { HolePunch } from './pb/message.js'
@@ -70,9 +71,9 @@ export class DefaultDCUtRService implements Startable {
     // register for notifications of when peers that support DCUtR connect
     // nb. requires the identify service to be enabled
     this.topologyId = await this.registrar.register(multicodec, {
-      notifyOnTransient: true,
+      notifyOnLimitedConnection: true,
       onConnect: (peerId, connection) => {
-        if (!connection.transient) {
+        if (!Circuit.exactMatch(connection.remoteAddr)) {
           // the connection is already direct, no upgrade is required
           return
         }
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ export class DefaultDCUtRService implements Startable {
     }, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     this.started = true
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ export class DefaultDCUtRService implements Startable {
         // 1. B opens a stream to A using the /libp2p/dcutr protocol.
         stream = await relayedConnection.newStream([multicodec], {
           signal: options.signal,
-          runOnTransientConnection: true
+          runOnLimitedConnection: true
         })
 
         const pb = pbStream(stream, {
@@ -256,8 +257,8 @@ export class DefaultDCUtRService implements Startable {
           force: true
         })
 
-        if (connection.transient) {
-          throw new Error('Could not open a new, non-transient, connection')
+        if (Circuit.exactMatch(connection.remoteAddr)) {
+          throw new Error('Could not open a new, non-limited, connection')
         }
 
         this.log('unilateral connection upgrade to %p succeeded via %a, closing relayed connection', relayedConnection.remotePeer, connection.remoteAddr)
diff --git a/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/index.ts b/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/index.ts
index 7936be1ac3..eb86246e69 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-dcutr/src/index.ts
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
  * await node.dial(ma)
  *
  * // after a while the connection should automatically get upgraded to a
- * // direct connection (e.g. non-transient)
+ * // direct connection (e.g. non-limited)
  * while (true) {
  *   const connections = node.getConnections()
  *
- *   if (connections.find(conn => conn.transient === false)) {
+ *   if (connections.find(conn => conn.limits == null)) {
  *     console.info('have direct connection')
  *     break
  *   } else {
diff --git a/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify-push.ts b/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify-push.ts
index b220170576..a966557fe9 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify-push.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify-push.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ export class IdentifyPush extends AbstractIdentify implements Startable, Identif
           try {
             stream = await connection.newStream(self.protocol, {
               signal,
-              runOnTransientConnection: self.runOnTransientConnection
+              runOnLimitedConnection: self.runOnLimitedConnection
             })
 
             const pb = pbStream(stream, {
diff --git a/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify.ts b/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify.ts
index 1f72534410..a031d2ac1d 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-identify/src/identify.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export class Identify extends AbstractIdentify implements Startable, IdentifyInt
     try {
       stream = await connection.newStream(this.protocol, {
         ...options,
-        runOnTransientConnection: this.runOnTransientConnection
+        runOnLimitedConnection: this.runOnLimitedConnection
       })
 
       const pb = pbStream(stream, {
diff --git a/packages/protocol-identify/src/index.ts b/packages/protocol-identify/src/index.ts
index 3fd8936339..a7ebc633e0 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-identify/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-identify/src/index.ts
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export interface IdentifyInit {
    *
    * @default true
    */
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 
   /**
    * Whether to automatically run identify on newly opened connections
diff --git a/packages/protocol-identify/src/utils.ts b/packages/protocol-identify/src/utils.ts
index 5627eebfe0..1f436b3da6 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-identify/src/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-identify/src/utils.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export const defaultValues = {
   maxMessageSize: MAX_IDENTIFY_MESSAGE_SIZE,
   runOnConnectionOpen: true,
   runOnSelfUpdate: true,
-  runOnTransientConnection: true,
+  runOnLimitedConnection: true,
   concurrency: MAX_PUSH_CONCURRENCY
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractIdentify implements Startable {
   protected readonly maxMessageSize: number
   protected readonly maxObservedAddresses: number
   protected readonly events: TypedEventTarget<Libp2pEvents>
-  protected readonly runOnTransientConnection: boolean
+  protected readonly runOnLimitedConnection: boolean
   protected readonly log: Logger
 
   constructor (components: IdentifyComponents, init: AbstractIdentifyInit) {
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractIdentify implements Startable {
     this.maxOutboundStreams = init.maxOutboundStreams ?? defaultValues.maxOutboundStreams
     this.maxMessageSize = init.maxMessageSize ?? defaultValues.maxMessageSize
     this.maxObservedAddresses = init.maxObservedAddresses ?? defaultValues.maxObservedAddresses
-    this.runOnTransientConnection = init.runOnTransientConnection ?? defaultValues.runOnTransientConnection
+    this.runOnLimitedConnection = init.runOnLimitedConnection ?? defaultValues.runOnLimitedConnection
 
     // Store self host metadata
     this.host = {
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractIdentify implements Startable {
     }, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: this.runOnTransientConnection
+      runOnLimitedConnection: this.runOnLimitedConnection
     })
 
     this.started = true
diff --git a/packages/protocol-perf/src/constants.ts b/packages/protocol-perf/src/constants.ts
index ac144acc1c..395cd04f87 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-perf/src/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-perf/src/constants.ts
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ export const PROTOCOL_NAME = '/perf/1.0.0'
 export const WRITE_BLOCK_SIZE = 64 << 10
 export const MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS = 1
 export const MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS = 1
-export const RUN_ON_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION = false
+export const RUN_ON_LIMITED_CONNECTION = false
diff --git a/packages/protocol-perf/src/index.ts b/packages/protocol-perf/src/index.ts
index 556986562f..f672831b6f 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-perf/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-perf/src/index.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export interface PerfInit {
   protocolName?: string
   maxInboundStreams?: number
   maxOutboundStreams?: number
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 
   /**
    * Data sent/received will be sent in chunks of this size (default: 64KiB)
diff --git a/packages/protocol-perf/src/perf-service.ts b/packages/protocol-perf/src/perf-service.ts
index 9dd64309a9..ad35b61eb0 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-perf/src/perf-service.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-perf/src/perf-service.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { pushable } from 'it-pushable'
-import { MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS, MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS, PROTOCOL_NAME, RUN_ON_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION, WRITE_BLOCK_SIZE } from './constants.js'
+import { MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS, MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS, PROTOCOL_NAME, RUN_ON_LIMITED_CONNECTION, WRITE_BLOCK_SIZE } from './constants.js'
 import type { PerfOptions, PerfOutput, PerfComponents, PerfInit, Perf as PerfInterface } from './index.js'
 import type { Logger, Startable } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { IncomingStreamData } from '@libp2p/interface-internal'
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export class Perf implements Startable, PerfInterface {
   private readonly writeBlockSize: number
   private readonly maxInboundStreams: number
   private readonly maxOutboundStreams: number
-  private readonly runOnTransientConnection: boolean
+  private readonly runOnLimitedConnection: boolean
 
   constructor (components: PerfComponents, init: PerfInit = {}) {
     this.components = components
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export class Perf implements Startable, PerfInterface {
     this.databuf = new ArrayBuffer(this.writeBlockSize)
     this.maxInboundStreams = init.maxInboundStreams ?? MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS
     this.maxOutboundStreams = init.maxOutboundStreams ?? MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS
-    this.runOnTransientConnection = init.runOnTransientConnection ?? RUN_ON_TRANSIENT_CONNECTION
+    this.runOnLimitedConnection = init.runOnLimitedConnection ?? RUN_ON_LIMITED_CONNECTION
   }
 
   readonly [Symbol.toStringTag] = '@libp2p/perf'
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export class Perf implements Startable, PerfInterface {
     }, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: this.runOnTransientConnection
+      runOnLimitedConnection: this.runOnLimitedConnection
     })
     this.started = true
   }
diff --git a/packages/protocol-ping/src/index.ts b/packages/protocol-ping/src/index.ts
index de0c1751c5..61a2c06576 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-ping/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-ping/src/index.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export interface PingServiceInit {
   protocolPrefix?: string
   maxInboundStreams?: number
   maxOutboundStreams?: number
-  runOnTransientConnection?: boolean
+  runOnLimitedConnection?: boolean
 
   /**
    * How long we should wait for a ping response
diff --git a/packages/protocol-ping/src/ping.ts b/packages/protocol-ping/src/ping.ts
index a05ae490fa..1b4e8d0acd 100644
--- a/packages/protocol-ping/src/ping.ts
+++ b/packages/protocol-ping/src/ping.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export class PingService implements Startable, PingServiceInterface {
   private readonly timeout: number
   private readonly maxInboundStreams: number
   private readonly maxOutboundStreams: number
-  private readonly runOnTransientConnection: boolean
+  private readonly runOnLimitedConnection: boolean
   private readonly log: Logger
 
   constructor (components: PingServiceComponents, init: PingServiceInit = {}) {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export class PingService implements Startable, PingServiceInterface {
     this.timeout = init.timeout ?? TIMEOUT
     this.maxInboundStreams = init.maxInboundStreams ?? MAX_INBOUND_STREAMS
     this.maxOutboundStreams = init.maxOutboundStreams ?? MAX_OUTBOUND_STREAMS
-    this.runOnTransientConnection = init.runOnTransientConnection ?? true
+    this.runOnLimitedConnection = init.runOnLimitedConnection ?? true
 
     this.handleMessage = this.handleMessage.bind(this)
   }
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export class PingService implements Startable, PingServiceInterface {
     await this.components.registrar.handle(this.protocol, this.handleMessage, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: this.runOnTransientConnection
+      runOnLimitedConnection: this.runOnLimitedConnection
     })
     this.started = true
   }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ export class PingService implements Startable, PingServiceInterface {
     try {
       stream = await connection.newStream(this.protocol, {
         ...options,
-        runOnTransientConnection: this.runOnTransientConnection
+        runOnLimitedConnection: this.runOnLimitedConnection
       })
 
       onAbort = () => {
diff --git a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/server/index.ts b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/server/index.ts
index eac1cfb2ab..f31cef78ec 100644
--- a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/server/index.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/server/index.ts
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class CircuitRelayServer extends TypedEventEmitter<RelayServerEvents> implements
     }, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundHopStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundHopStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     this.reservationStore.start()
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ class CircuitRelayServer extends TypedEventEmitter<RelayServerEvents> implements
     this.log('starting circuit relay v2 stop request to %s', connection.remotePeer)
     const stream = await connection.newStream([RELAY_V2_STOP_CODEC], {
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStopStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
     const pbstr = pbStream(stream)
     const stopstr = pbstr.pb(StopMessage)
diff --git a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/transport/transport.ts b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/transport/transport.ts
index c9d0e711c9..b79881b03d 100644
--- a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/transport/transport.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/transport/transport.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { pbStream } from 'it-protobuf-stream'
 import { CustomProgressEvent } from 'progress-events'
 import { CIRCUIT_PROTO_CODE, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_FILTER_ERROR_RATE, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_FILTER_SIZE, ERR_HOP_REQUEST_FAILED, ERR_RELAYED_DIAL, MAX_CONNECTIONS, RELAY_V2_HOP_CODEC, RELAY_V2_STOP_CODEC } from '../constants.js'
 import { StopMessage, HopMessage, Status } from '../pb/index.js'
+import { LimitTracker } from '../utils.js'
 import { RelayDiscovery } from './discovery.js'
 import { createListener } from './listener.js'
 import { ReservationStore } from './reservation-store.js'
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ export class CircuitRelayTransport implements Transport<CircuitRelayDialEvents>
     }, {
       maxInboundStreams: this.maxInboundStopStreams,
       maxOutboundStreams: this.maxOutboundStopStreams,
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     await start(this.discovery, this.reservationStore)
@@ -261,16 +262,21 @@ export class CircuitRelayTransport implements Transport<CircuitRelayDialEvents>
         throw new CodeError(`failed to connect via relay with status ${status?.status?.toString() ?? 'undefined'}`, ERR_HOP_REQUEST_FAILED)
       }
 
+      const limits = new LimitTracker(status.limit)
+
       const maConn = streamToMaConnection({
         stream: pbstr.unwrap(),
         remoteAddr: ma,
         localAddr: relayAddr.encapsulate(`/p2p-circuit/p2p/${this.peerId.toString()}`),
-        logger: this.logger
+        logger: this.logger,
+        onDataRead: limits.onData,
+        onDataWrite: limits.onData
       })
 
       this.log('new outbound relayed connection %a', maConn.remoteAddr)
+
       return await this.upgrader.upgradeOutbound(maConn, {
-        transient: status.limit != null,
+        limits: limits.getLimits(),
         onProgress
       })
     } catch (err: any) {
@@ -375,18 +381,21 @@ export class CircuitRelayTransport implements Transport<CircuitRelayDialEvents>
       signal
     })
 
+    const limits = new LimitTracker(request.limit)
     const remoteAddr = connection.remoteAddr.encapsulate(`/p2p-circuit/p2p/${remotePeerId.toString()}`)
     const localAddr = this.addressManager.getAddresses()[0]
     const maConn = streamToMaConnection({
       stream: pbstr.unwrap().unwrap(),
       remoteAddr,
       localAddr,
-      logger: this.logger
+      logger: this.logger,
+      onDataRead: limits.onData,
+      onDataWrite: limits.onData
     })
 
     this.log('new inbound relayed connection %a', maConn.remoteAddr)
     await this.upgrader.upgradeInbound(maConn, {
-      transient: request.limit != null
+      limits: limits.getLimits()
     })
     this.log('%s connection %a upgraded', 'inbound', maConn.remoteAddr)
   }
diff --git a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/utils.ts b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/utils.ts
index 5049de7b34..51a5c35b45 100644
--- a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/src/utils.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { CID } from 'multiformats/cid'
 import { sha256 } from 'multiformats/hashes/sha2'
 import { ERR_TRANSFER_LIMIT_EXCEEDED } from './constants.js'
 import type { Limit } from './pb/index.js'
-import type { LoggerOptions, Stream } from '@libp2p/interface'
+import type { ConnectionLimits, LoggerOptions, Stream } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { Source } from 'it-stream-types'
 import type { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
@@ -125,3 +125,64 @@ export function getExpirationMilliseconds (expireTimeSeconds: bigint): number {
   // downcast to number to use with setTimeout
   return Number(expireTimeMillis - BigInt(currentTime))
 }
+
+export class LimitTracker {
+  private readonly expires?: number
+  private bytes?: bigint
+
+  constructor (limits?: Limit) {
+    if (limits?.duration != null && limits?.duration !== 0) {
+      this.expires = Date.now() + (limits.duration * 1000)
+    }
+
+    this.bytes = limits?.data
+
+    if (this.bytes === 0n) {
+      this.bytes = undefined
+    }
+
+    this.onData = this.onData.bind(this)
+  }
+
+  onData (buf: Uint8ArrayList | Uint8Array): void {
+    if (this.bytes == null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.bytes -= BigInt(buf.byteLength)
+
+    if (this.bytes < 0n) {
+      this.bytes = 0n
+    }
+  }
+
+  getLimits (): ConnectionLimits | undefined {
+    if (this.expires == null && this.bytes == null) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const output = {}
+
+    if (this.bytes != null) {
+      const self = this
+
+      Object.defineProperty(output, 'bytes', {
+        get () {
+          return self.bytes
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (this.expires != null) {
+      const self = this
+
+      Object.defineProperty(output, 'seconds', {
+        get () {
+          return Math.round(((self.expires ?? 0) - Date.now()) / 1000)
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    return output
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/test/utils.spec.ts b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/test/utils.spec.ts
index 6a4c9f5b44..51ff28f5f0 100644
--- a/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/test/utils.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-circuit-relay-v2/test/utils.spec.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import Sinon from 'sinon'
 import { stubInterface } from 'sinon-ts'
 import { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 import { fromString as uint8arrayFromString } from 'uint8arrays/from-string'
-import { createLimitedRelay, getExpirationMilliseconds, namespaceToCid } from '../src/utils.js'
+import { createLimitedRelay, getExpirationMilliseconds, LimitTracker, namespaceToCid } from '../src/utils.js'
 import type { Duplex, Source } from 'it-stream-types'
 
 describe('circuit-relay utils', () => {
@@ -234,4 +234,49 @@ describe('circuit-relay utils', () => {
 
     expect(cid.toString()).to.equal('QmZ8eiDPqQqWR17EPxiwCDgrKPVhCHLcyn6xSCNpFAdAZb')
   })
+
+  it('should not track limits when there are none', () => {
+    const tracker = new LimitTracker()
+
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.be.undefined()
+  })
+
+  it('should not track limits when they are unlimited', () => {
+    const tracker = new LimitTracker({
+      data: 0n,
+      duration: 0
+    })
+
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.be.undefined()
+  })
+
+  it('should track duration limit', async () => {
+    const tracker = new LimitTracker({
+      // two minutes
+      duration: 120
+    })
+
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.have.property('seconds', 120)
+
+    const start = tracker.getLimits()?.seconds
+
+    if (start == null) {
+      throw new Error('No seconds property found')
+    }
+
+    await delay(2000)
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.have.property('seconds').that.is.lessThan(start)
+  })
+
+  it('should track data limit', () => {
+    const tracker = new LimitTracker({
+      data: 100n
+    })
+
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.have.property('bytes', 100n)
+
+    tracker.onData(new Uint8Array(1))
+
+    expect(tracker.getLimits()).to.have.property('bytes', 99n)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/initiate-connection.ts b/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/initiate-connection.ts
index a7bc6220b2..167b1f5110 100644
--- a/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/initiate-connection.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/initiate-connection.ts
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export async function initiateConnection ({ rtcConfiguration, dataChannel, signa
 
     const stream = await connection.newStream(SIGNALING_PROTO_ID, {
       signal,
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     const messageStream = pbStream(stream).pb(Message)
diff --git a/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/transport.ts b/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/transport.ts
index 0744f8d166..b12095b48e 100644
--- a/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/transport.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-webrtc/src/private-to-private/transport.ts
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ export class WebRTCTransport implements Transport<WebRTCDialEvents>, Startable {
     await this.components.registrar.handle(SIGNALING_PROTO_ID, (data: IncomingStreamData) => {
       this._onProtocol(data).catch(err => { this.log.error('failed to handle incoming connect from %p', data.connection.remotePeer, err) })
     }, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
     this._started = true
   }
diff --git a/packages/transport-webrtc/test/basics.spec.ts b/packages/transport-webrtc/test/basics.spec.ts
index c4d01470f5..e8df7d08ba 100644
--- a/packages/transport-webrtc/test/basics.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/transport-webrtc/test/basics.spec.ts
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
     await remoteNode.handle(echo, (info) => {
       streamHandler(info)
     }, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     const connection = await localNode.dial(remoteAddr)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
 
     // open a stream on the echo protocol
     const stream = await connection.newStream(echo, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     // send and receive some data
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
 
     // open a stream on the echo protocol
     const stream = await connection.newStream(echo, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     // close for reading
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
 
     // open a stream on the echo protocol
     const stream = await connection.newStream(echo, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     // close for reading
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
 
     // open a stream on the echo protocol
     const stream = await connection.newStream(echo, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     // close the write end immediately
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ describe('basics', () => {
 
     // open a stream on the echo protocol
     const stream = await connection.newStream(echo, {
-      runOnTransientConnection: true
+      runOnLimitedConnection: true
     })
 
     // keep the remote write end open, this should delay the FIN_ACK reply to the local stream
diff --git a/packages/utils/package.json b/packages/utils/package.json
index 1e08ef6a9f..46bd6040ca 100644
--- a/packages/utils/package.json
+++ b/packages/utils/package.json
@@ -163,6 +163,8 @@
     "delay": "^6.0.0",
     "get-iterator": "^2.0.1",
     "is-loopback-addr": "^2.0.2",
+    "it-foreach": "^2.1.1",
+    "it-pipe": "^3.0.1",
     "it-pushable": "^3.2.3",
     "it-stream-types": "^2.0.1",
     "murmurhash3js-revisited": "^3.0.0",
@@ -181,7 +183,6 @@
     "it-all": "^3.0.6",
     "it-drain": "^3.0.7",
     "it-pair": "^2.0.6",
-    "it-pipe": "^3.0.1",
     "sinon": "^18.0.0",
     "sinon-ts": "^2.0.0"
   },
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/stream-to-ma-conn.ts b/packages/utils/src/stream-to-ma-conn.ts
index b73929b1bd..ed9d8be19d 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/stream-to-ma-conn.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/stream-to-ma-conn.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
+import forEach from 'it-foreach'
+import { pipe } from 'it-pipe'
 import type { ComponentLogger, MultiaddrConnection, Stream } from '@libp2p/interface'
 import type { Multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
+import type { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
 export interface StreamProperties {
   stream: Stream
   remoteAddr: Multiaddr
   localAddr: Multiaddr
   logger: ComponentLogger
+
+  /**
+   * A callback invoked when data is read from the stream
+   */
+  onDataRead?(buf: Uint8ArrayList | Uint8Array): void
+
+  /**
+   * A callback invoked when data is written to the stream
+   */
+  onDataWrite?(buf: Uint8ArrayList | Uint8Array): void
 }
 
 /**
@@ -13,7 +26,7 @@ export interface StreamProperties {
  * https://github.com/libp2p/interface-transport#multiaddrconnection
  */
 export function streamToMaConnection (props: StreamProperties): MultiaddrConnection {
-  const { stream, remoteAddr, logger } = props
+  const { stream, remoteAddr, logger, onDataRead, onDataWrite } = props
   const log = logger.forComponent('libp2p:stream:converter')
 
   let closedRead = false
@@ -37,7 +50,12 @@ export function streamToMaConnection (props: StreamProperties): MultiaddrConnect
   const streamSink = stream.sink.bind(stream)
   stream.sink = async (source) => {
     try {
-      await streamSink(source)
+      await streamSink(
+        pipe(
+          source,
+          (source) => forEach(source, buf => onDataWrite?.(buf))
+        )
+      )
     } catch (err: any) {
       // If aborted we can safely ignore
       if (err.type !== 'aborted') {
@@ -57,12 +75,9 @@ export function streamToMaConnection (props: StreamProperties): MultiaddrConnect
     sink: stream.sink,
     source: (async function * () {
       try {
-        for await (const list of stream.source) {
-          if (list instanceof Uint8Array) {
-            yield list
-          } else {
-            yield * list
-          }
+        for await (const buf of stream.source) {
+          onDataRead?.(buf)
+          yield buf
         }
       } finally {
         closedRead = true