lesson_06/06_01_stative.ipynb

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    "```{margin}\n",
    "GoA 33.2\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "# L6.1: Stative\n",
    "It is still a matter of discussion if the stative is a verbal or a nominal form. It seems to have developped from a nominal sentence but at the same time it possesses personal endings and can have objects like a verb. Thus in this coursebook it will be treated as a category on its own between verbs and nouns. \n",
    "\n",
    "- The stative is used to describe timeless states in constrast to the tenses, that reproduce dynamic actions, events, processes, etc.\n",
    "\n",
    "```{admonition} Example\n",
    "- Stative: *ṭāb* \"it is good\"\n",
    "- Preterite: *iṭīb* \"he became good\"\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "## Endings of the Stative\n",
    "|         | Independent Pronouns    | Stative without *e*-Coloration    | Stative without *e*-Coloration |\n",
    "|-------- | ----------------------- |---------------------------------  | ------------------------------ | \n",
    "| 3m      | *šū*                    | -ø                                | -ø \n",
    "| 3f      | *šī*                    | *-at*                             | *-et*                             \n",
    "| 2m      | *attā*                  | *-āta*                            | *-ēta*                           \n",
    "| 2f      | *atti*                  | *-āti*                            | *-ēti*                            \n",
    "| 1c      | *anāku*                 | *-āku*                            | *-ēku*                              \n",
    "| 3m      | *šunu*                  | *-ū*                              | *-ū*                               \n",
    "| 3f      | *šina*                  | *-ā*                              | *-ā*                              \n",
    "| 2m      | *attunu*                | *-ātunu*                          | *-ētunu*                          \n",
    "| 2f      | *attina*                | *-ātina*                          | *-ētina*                          \n",
    "| 1c      | *nīnu*                  | *-ānu*                            | *-ēnu*                          \n",
    "\n",
    "## Stative forms\n",
    "The stative can be build from a verbal adjective and nouns:\n",
    "\n",
    "### Stative from a Verb\n",
    "The ending of the stative are added to the verbal adjective:\n",
    "\n",
    "|         | Verbaladjective | Ending    | Stative   | Translation   |\n",
    "|-------- | --------------- |---------  | -------   | -----------   |\n",
    "| 3m.s.   | *paris*         | -ø        | *damiq*   | He is good    |\n",
    "| 3f.s.   | *paris*         | *-at*     | *damqat*  | She is good   |                            \n",
    "| 2m.s.   | *paris*         | *-āta*    | *damqāta* | You (masc.) are good  |                           \n",
    "| 2f.s    | *paris*         | *-āti*    | *damqāti* | You (fem.) are good   |                           \n",
    "| 1c.s    | *paris*         | *-āku*    | *damqāku* | I am good     |                              \n",
    "| 3m.pl   | *paris*         | *-ū*      | *damqū*   | They (masc.) are good |                               \n",
    "| 3f.pl.  | *paris*         | *-ā*      | *damqā*   | They (fem.) are good  |                              \n",
    "| 2m.pl.  | *paris*         | *-ātunu*  | *damqātunu* | You (masc.) are good |                          \n",
    "| 2f.pl.  | *paris*         | *-ātina*  | *damqātina* | You (fem.) are good |                          \n",
    "| 1c.pl.  | *paris*         | *-ānu*    | *damqānu* | We are good   |   \n",
    "\n",
    "```{warning}\n",
    "[Geminated verbs](/lesson_04/04_04_geminated-verbs.ipynb) can have a special conjugation pattern, because the reduplicated radical desappears and the vowel becomes long:\n",
    "\n",
    "- *danānu* \"to be strong\" > *dān* \"he is strong\", but *dannāta* \"you are strong\"\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "### Meaning\n",
    "The meaning is \n",
    "\n",
    "- with active-transitive verbs: passiv.\n",
    "   \n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *paris* \"it is divided\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- with intransitive verbs: resultative.\n",
    "   \n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *wašib* \"he seats\" (lit. \"he is in the state of seating\")\n",
    "   - *ina ālim wašbānu* \"We live in the city\"\n",
    "   - *šalmāku* \"I am well\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- with adjectival verbs: descriptive.\n",
    " \n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *damiq* \"he is goodseats\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- With some verbs it can have active as well as passive meaning.\n",
    "\n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *ṣabtāku* \"he is taken/he has taken\" \n",
    "   - *mahiṣ* \"hi is beaten/he has beaten\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- The stative can have a direct object\n",
    "\n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *murṣam dannam marṣāku* \"I am ill with a serious illness\"\n",
    "   - *zumram damiq* \"He is beautiful in body\"  \n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "- The stative is tenseless. It can be used in the present, past or future.\n",
    "- \n",
    "### Stative from a Noun\n",
    "Although seldom the stative can also be built from a noun. \n",
    "\n",
    "- The status absolutus without endings is used and the personal stative endings are added:\n",
    "\n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *ward-āku* \"I am a slave\" (lit. I am in the state of being a slave)\n",
    "   - *šarr-āku* \"I am king\"  \n",
    "   - *išpar-at* \"She is a weaver\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "   ```{note}\n",
    "   - The stative seems to be developped from a nominal sentence like: *wardum anāku* → *ward+āku*\n",
    "   - The feminive forms like *išparat* are build using the masculine.\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "- Stative from nouns are used for personal status\n",
    "\n",
    "   ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *išparat* \"She is a weaver\".\n",
    "   - *ul iššat* \"She is not 'wife'\".\n",
    "   - *šarrāq* \"He is a thief\"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "- Stative from nouns are used for personal names\n",
    "\n",
    "    ```{admonition} Example\n",
    "   - *Addu-Malik* \"The god Adad is the king\".\n",
    "   - *Kibrī-Dagan* \"My shore is Dagan\".\n",
    "   - *Tukultī-Ninurta* \"My trust is Ninurta \"\n",
    "   ```\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
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