From fa70e4b14be32f60b04e2cee190cda3633362055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Luis=20S=C3=A1enz?= <92102767+ludovicus-hispanicus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2024 14:08:20 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] revision --- Appendix/signs.ipynb | 2 +- Appendix/tense-aspect-mode.ipynb | 129 +------------ _toc.yml | 4 +- appendix/parts_of_speech.ipynb | 36 ++++ introduction/00_00_intro.ipynb | 9 +- introduction/00_05_syllabification.ipynb | 57 ------ introduction/00_06_dh.ipynb | 2 +- introduction/00_07_exercises.ipynb | 2 +- introduction/00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb | 2 +- lesson_01/01_00_intro.ipynb | 2 +- lesson_01/01_01_semantic-root.ipynb | 12 +- lesson_01/01_02_nominals.ipynb | 49 +++-- .../01_08_verbless_sentence.ipynb | 0 toc.txt | 174 ++++++++++++++++++ 14 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-) create mode 100644 appendix/parts_of_speech.ipynb delete mode 100644 introduction/00_05_syllabification.ipynb rename lesson_02/02_08_verbless_sentences.ipynb => lesson_01/01_08_verbless_sentence.ipynb (100%) create mode 100644 toc.txt diff --git a/Appendix/signs.ipynb b/Appendix/signs.ipynb index cc498dfb..365f920f 100644 --- a/Appendix/signs.ipynb +++ b/Appendix/signs.ipynb @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ "source": [ "# Signs\n", "\n", - "| MZL | Sign | Sign's Nmae | Phonetic Value | Logogram |\n", + "| MZL | Sign | Sign Name | Phonetic Value | Logogram |\n", "| :--- | ------------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | --------- |\n", "| 1\t | 𒀸 | AŠ |*aš, rum* |\n", "| 3\t | 𒄬 | HAL | *hal* |\n", diff --git a/Appendix/tense-aspect-mode.ipynb b/Appendix/tense-aspect-mode.ipynb index cc498dfb..1fd1fd19 100644 --- a/Appendix/tense-aspect-mode.ipynb +++ b/Appendix/tense-aspect-mode.ipynb @@ -4,134 +4,7 @@ "attachments": {}, "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Signs\n", - "\n", - "| MZL | Sign | Sign's Nmae | Phonetic Value | Logogram |\n", - "| :--- | ------------------------- | ----------- | -------------- | --------- |\n", - "| 1\t | 𒀸 | AŠ |*aš, rum* |\n", - "| 3\t | 𒄬 | HAL | *hal* |\n", - "| 14\t| 𒁀 | BA |*ba* |\n", - "| 15\t| 𒍪 | ZU | *zu, su₂, ṣu₂* | ZU = *edûm* \"to know\", *lamādum* \"learn\"|\n", - "| 16\t| 𒋢 | SU | *su* | KUŠ = *maškum* \"skin, leather\"|\n", - "| 10\t| 𒀭 | AN | *an* | AN = *Anum*, *šamû* \"heaven\", DINGIR = *ilum* \"Gott\" determinative ᵈ |\n", - "| 24\t| 𒅗 | KA | *ka* | (KA = *pûm* \"mouth\", DUG₄/DU₁₁ = *qabûm*, \"to say\", INIM = *awātum* \"word\", ZU₂ = *šinnum* \"teeth\")|\n", - "| 71\t| 𒌷 | URU | *ri₂, re₂* | URU = *ālum* \"cuty\"|\n", - "| 18\t| 𒀴 | ARAD | *ir₃, er₃* | NITA₂ = *zikarum* \"man\" (IR₃= *wardum*)\n", - "| 19\t| 𒀵 | ARAD₂, (= ARAD×KUR) |(only until OB!)| ARAD₂, IR₁₁ = *wardum* \"slave\"|\n", - "| 89\t| 𒆷 | LA | *la* |\n", - "| 91 | 𒈤 | MAH | *mah* |\n", - "| 86\t| 𒌅 | TU | *tu, ṭu₂* |\n", - "| 85 | 𒇷 | LI | *li, le* |\n", - "| 98\t| 𒈬 | MU | *mu* | (MU = *šumum* \"name\", MU = *šattum* \"year\")|\n", - "| 111\t| 𒊒 | RU | *ru* |\n", - "| 113\t| 𒁁 | BE | *be, bad/t/ṭ* |\n", - "| 110\t| 𒈾 | NA | *na* |\n", - "| 118\t| 𒋾 | TI | *ti, ṭi₃* |\n", - "| 112\t| 𒉡 | NU | *nu* |\n", - "| 132\t| 𒄷 | HU | *hu* | MUŠEN = *iṣṣūrum* \"bird\"|\n", - "| 136\t| 𒅅 | IG | *ig, ik, iq*, *eg, ek, eq*| IG = *daltum* \"door\"; GAL₂ = *bašûm* \"to be\"\"|\n", - "| 140\t| 𒍣 | ZI | *zi, si₂, ṣi₂, ze, se₂, ṣe₂* |\n", - "| 141\t| 𒄀 | GI | *gi, ge* |GI = *qanûm* \"reed, cane\"|\n", - "| 142\t| 𒊑 | RI | *ri, re* (*dal, tal, ṭal*) | \n", - "| 167 | 𒁴 | TIM | *tim, dim* |\n", - "| 126\t| 𒀝 | AG | *ag, ak, aq* |\n", - "| 164\t| 𒂗 | EN | *en* | EN = *bēlum* \"lord\", ᵈEN.ZU = ᵈ*Suen*, ᵈ*Sîn* (Mondgott) ᵈEN.LIL₂ = ᵈ*Ellil*\"|\n", - "| 181\t| 𒋛 | SI | *si, se* |\n", - "| 209\t| 𒋰 | TAB | *tab, tap* |\n", - "| 221\t| 𒋳 | TAG | *šum* (*tag, tak, taq*)|\n", - "| 223\t| 𒀊 | AB | *ab, ap* |\n", - "| 296 | 𒊌 | UG | *ug, uk, uq* |\n", - "| 297 | 𒊍 | AZ | *as, az, aṣ* |\n", - "| 222\t| 𒆍 | KA₂ | KA₂ = *bābum* \"gate, door\" |\n", - "| 238\t| 𒌝 | UM | *um* |\n", - "| 248\t| 𒋫 | TA | *ta, ṭa₂* |\n", - "| 252\t| 𒄿 | I | *i* |\n", - "| 260\t| 𒅀 | IA | *ia* |\n", - "| 255\t| 𒌉 | TUR | DUMU = *mārum* \"son\", TUR = *ṣehrum* \"small\"|\n", - "| 258\t| 𒀜 | AD | *ad, at, aṭ* | (AD = *abum* \"father\")\n", - "| 259\t| 𒍢 | ZE₂ | *ṣi, ṣe, zi₂, ze₂* |\n", - "| 261 | 𒅔 | IN | *in* |\n", - "| 266 | 𒈗 | LUGAL | LUGAL = *šarrum* \"king\"|\n", - "| 309\t| 𒄠 | AM | *am* |\n", - "| 313 | 𒉈 | NE | *ne, bil, pil, bi₂,* *ṭe₃* | \n", - "| 341 | 𒌫 | UR₂ | *ur₂* |\n", - "| 348 | 𒅋 | IL | *il* |\n", - "| 350\t| 𒁺 | DU | *du, ṭu₃* |\n", - "| 354\t| 𒌈 | TUM | *tum, dum, ṭum* |\n", - "| 381\t| 𒍑 | UŠ | *uš, us₂* | NITA = *zik(a)rum* \"male, virile\"|\n", - "| 357\t| 𒅖 | IŠ | *iš,* (*mil*) |\n", - "| 358\t| 𒁉 | BI | *bi, be₂, pi₂, pe₂* | KAŠ = *šikarum* \"beer\"|\n", - "| 380\t| 𒉌 | NI | *ni, ne₂, i₃, li₂, zal* | I₃ = *šamnum* \"oil\"|\n", - "| 437\t| 𒅕 | IR | *ir, er *|\n", - "| 464\t| 𒉺 | PA | *pa* | UGULA = *waklum* \"overseer, inspector\"|\n", - "| 469\t| 𒄑 | GIŠ | *iz, is, iṣ, ez, es, eṣ* | GIŠ = *iṣum* \"tree; wood\", Det. giš vor trees and wooden objects |\n", - "| 472\t| 𒄞 |GUD | *gud, gu₄* | GU4/GUD = *alpum* \"bull, ox\" |\n", - "| 474 | 𒀠 | AL | *al* |\n", - "| 483\t| 𒈥 | MAR | *mar* |\n", - "| 498\t| 𒂊 | E | *e* |\n", - "| 490\t| 𒌑 | U₂ | *u₂*, (*šam*) | U₂ = *šammum* \"grass, herb\", KUŠ₃ = *ammatum* \"forearm; cubit\"|\n", - "| 491\t| 𒂵 | GA | *ga, qa₂* |(GA = *šizbum* \"milk\")|\n", - "| 496\t| 𒆗 |KAL | *dan, kal, rab* |KALA(G) = *dannum* \"mighty\", KALAM = *mātum* land |\n", - "| 495\t| 𒂍 | E₂ | *bid/t/ṭ* | E₂ = *bītum* \"house\", E₂.GAL = *ekallum* \"palace\"|\n", - "| 504\t| 𒌒 | UB | *ub, up, ar₂* |\n", - "| 511\t| 𒊏 | RA | *ra* |\n", - "| 514\t| 𒇽 | LU₂ | | LU₂ = *awīlum* \"man\"|\n", - "| 541\t| 𒊬 |SAR | *sar, šar* |\n", - "| 543\t| 𒃼 | GAR₃ | *qar, gar₃, kar₃* |\n", - "| 548\t| 𒀾 | AŠ₂ | *aš₂,* (*as₂, az₂, aṣ₂*) |\n", - "| 560\t| 𒀉 | A₂ | *id, it, iṭ, ed, et, eṭ* | A₂ = *idum* \"side\" \n", - "| 561\t| 𒁕 | DA | *da, ṭa* |\n", - "| 552\t| 𒈠 | MA | *ma* | MA.NA = *manûm* \"mina\"|\n", - "| 553\t| 𒃲 |GAL | *gal*, (*qal*) | GAL = *rabûm* \"big\" |\n", - "| 566\t| 𒊭 | ŠA | *ša* |\n", - "| 567\t| 𒋗 | ŠU | *šu* | ŠU = *qātum* \"hand\"|\n", - "| 670 | 𒀹𒁯 | *iš₈-tar₂* (*ištar₂*) | = GN Ištar, also with \"ᵈ\"|\n", - "| 578\t| 𒆳 | KUR | KUR = *mātum* \"land\"|\n", - "| 579\t| 𒊺 | ŠE | *še* | ŠE = ŠE*-um* \"barley; grain\"|\n", - "| 580\t| 𒁍 | BU | *bu, pu* (*gid₂, qid₂, sir₂, šir₂*) |\n", - "| 583 | 𒊻 | UZ | *uz, us, uṣ* |\n", - "| 589\t| 𒋼 | TE | *te, ṭe₄* |\n", - "| 590\t| 𒀬 | KAR | *kar* |\n", - "| 596\t| 𒌓 | UD | *ud, ut, uṭ, tam, pir* | UD, U₄ = *ūmum* \"day\", ᵈUTU = *Šamaš*, BABBAR = *peṣûm* \"white\"\"|\n", - "| 598\t| 𒉿 | PI | *wa/e/i/u, pi, pe* |\n", - "| 599\t| 𒊮 | ŠA₃ | *lib₃, ša₃* | ŠA₃ = *libbum* \"inner body, heart\", cf. A.ŠA₃ |\n", - "| 611 | 𒌔 | UH₂ | *uh₂* |\n", - "| 631\t| 𒄭 | HI | *hi, he* | DUG₃/DU₁₀ = *ṭābum* \"sweet\", HI.A plural signs (after things) |\n", - "| 636\t| 𒄴 | AH | *ah, eh, ih, uh* |\n", - "| 641\t| 𒅎 | IM | *im, em* | IM = *ṭīdum* \"clay\", *šārum* \"wind\", ᵈIŠKUR = Adad (weather god)|\n", - "| 640\t| 𒄭𒁁 | KAM | *kam, gam, qam₂* | KAM after ordinals |\n", - "| 681\t| 𒈪 | MI | *mi, me₂, ṣil₂* |\n", - "| 686\t| 𒁶 | DIM₂ | *gim, gen₇* | ŠIDIM = *itinnu* \"builder\" , GIM = *kīma* \"like; when, as, that\", DIM₂ = *banû* \"build\"\n", - "| 690\t| 𒉏 | NIM | *nim, num* |\n", - "| 693\t| 𒇴 | LAM | *lam* |\n", - "| 695\t| 𒀫 | AMAR | *ṣur* | ᵈAMAR.UTU = Marduk |\n", - "| 698\t| 𒌌 | UL | *ul* |\n", - "| 724\t| 𒅆 | IGI | *ši, lim, lem* | IGI = *īnum* \"eye\", *pānum* \"front\"|\n", - "| 726 | 𒅈 | AR | *ar* |\n", - "| 731 | 𒅇 | U₃ | *u₃* |\n", - "| 736\t| 𒁲 | DI | *di, ṭi, de, ṭe* | SILIM = *šulmum* \"completeness; well-being\"|\n", - "| 737\t| 𒆠 | KI | *ki, ke, qi₂, qe₂* | KI = *erṣetum* \"earth\", *ašrum* \"place, site\", Det. ki (after place names)|\n", - "| 745\t| 𒆬 | KUG | *kug, ku₃* | KU₃ = *ellum* \"pure, clean\", KU₃.BABBAR = *kaspum* \"silver\", KU₃.SIG₁₇(GI) = *hurāṣum* \"gold\"\"|\n", - "| 711\t| 𒌍 | EŠ | *eš*, (*Sin*) | (ᵈ)XXX/(ᵈ)30 = (ᵈ)Sîn (moon god)|\n", - "| 753\t| 𒈨 | ME | *me* | ME = plural sign (cf. MEŠ)|\n", - "| 754\t| 𒈨𒌍 |MEŠ | *meš* | MEŠ = plural sign; transliteration also pl or meš)|\n", - "| 807\t| 𒅁 | IB | *ib, ip, eb, ep* |\n", - "| 808\t| 𒆪 | KU | *ku, qu₂* |\n", - "| 812\t| 𒇻 | LU | *lu* | UDU = *immerum* \"sheep\"|\n", - "| 883\t| 𒊩 | MUNUS | *sal,* (*šal*) | MUNUS (also MI₂) = *sinništum* \"woman\"|\n", - "| 884\t| 𒍮 | ZUM | *zum, ṣum, ṣu, sum₂* |\n", - "| 887 | 𒊩𒈠 | NIN | *nin* | NIN = *bēltum* \"lady\"|\n", - "| 889 | 𒁮 | DAM | *dam, ṭam* | DAM.GAR₃ = *tamkārum* \"merchant\"|\n", - "| 890\t| 𒊩𒆳 | GEME₂ | *ge₁₂* | GEME₂ = *amtum* \"maid, female slave\"|\n", - "| 899\t| 𒂖 | EL | *el, il₅* | SIKIL = ellum \"rein\"|\n", - "| 900\t| 𒈝 | LUM | *lum, num₂* (*hum, gum*) | \n", - "| 828\t| 𒌨 | UR | *ur, lig/lik/liq, taš* |\n", - "| 839\t| 𒀀 | A | *a, a-a* (= *ajja*) | A.(MEŠ) = *mû* \"water\", A.ŠA₃ = *eqlum* \"field\"|\n", - "| 851\t| 𒍝 | ZA | *za, sa₃, ṣa* |\n", - "| 856\t| 𒄩 | HA | *ha | KU₆ = *nūnum* \"fish\"\n", - "| 836\t| 𒂆 | GIN₂ | gin₂ | GIN₂ = *šiqlum* \"shekel\"" - ] + "source": [] } ], "metadata": { diff --git a/_toc.yml b/_toc.yml index a343cd23..c5168fdf 100644 --- a/_toc.yml +++ b/_toc.yml @@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ parts: title: Locative-Adverbiative - file: lesson_01/01_08_adverb_noun_ish title: Terminative-Adverbiative + - file: lesson_01/02_09_verbless_sentence + title: The Verbless Sentence - file: lesson_01/01_09_digital-projects title: Digital Projects in the Assyriology - file: lesson_01/01_10_exercises @@ -78,8 +80,6 @@ parts: title: Peculiarities of the Strong Verbs - file: lesson_02/02_07_geminated-verbs title: Geminated Verbs - - file: lesson_02/02_08_verbless_sentences - title: The Simple Sentence - file: lesson_02/02_09_regex title: Regular Expressions - file: lesson_02/02_10_exercises diff --git a/appendix/parts_of_speech.ipynb b/appendix/parts_of_speech.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..128323a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/appendix/parts_of_speech.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Word Class (Parts of Speech)\n", + "We will follow the classical classification according to part of speech (word classes) as modern scholars in Assyriology follow this classification as well. In Akkadian we classify the following word classes:\n", + "\n", + "Nouns\n", + "Adjectives\n", + "Pronouns\n", + "Verbs\n", + "Adverbs\n", + "Numerals\n", + "Prepositions\n", + "Conjunction\n", + "Subjunctions\n", + "Negation\n", + "Particles\n", + "Interjections\n", + "\n", + "```{note}\n", + "In Akkadian there is no definite article. The definiteness is determined according to the context.\n", + "```" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "language_info": { + "name": "python" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/introduction/00_00_intro.ipynb b/introduction/00_00_intro.ipynb index e6568316..b66dba49 100644 --- a/introduction/00_00_intro.ipynb +++ b/introduction/00_00_intro.ipynb @@ -12,11 +12,10 @@ "- L0.2: [History and Periodisation](00_02_history_periodisation.ipynb)\n", "- L0.3: [Akkadian Phonemes](00_03_phonems_akkadian.ipynb)\n", "- L0.4: [Cuneiform Script](00_04_cuneiform.ipynb)\n", - "- L0.5: [Syllabification](00_05_syllabification.ipynb)\n", - "- L0.6: [Digital Humanities](00_06_dh.ipynb)\n", - "- L0.7: [Exercises](00_07_exercises.ipynb)\n", - "- L0.8: [Vocabulary & Signs](00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb)\n", - "- L0.9: [Assigment](00_09_assignment.ipynb)\n" + "- L0.5: [Digital Humanities](00_06_dh.ipynb)\n", + "- L0.6: [Exercises](00_07_exercises.ipynb)\n", + "- L0.7: [Vocabulary & Signs](00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb)\n", + "- L0.8: [Assigment](00_09_assignment.ipynb)\n" ] } ], diff --git a/introduction/00_05_syllabification.ipynb b/introduction/00_05_syllabification.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 0bf6fa7a..00000000 --- a/introduction/00_05_syllabification.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "(syllab)=\n", - "````{margin} Grammar reference\n", - "GoA 1.2\n", - "````\n", - "\n", - "# L0.5: Syllabification\n", - "In order to transliterate correctly from cuneiform it is important to determine the syllables that make up a Akkadian word. There are three rules:\n", - "\n", - "- A syllable can only have one vowel.\n", - "- A syllable may not begin or end with two consonants.\n", - "\n", - " | Akkadian word | Syllabification | Translation |\n", - " | -------- | :--------: | :----------: |\n", - " | *balāṭum* | *ba/la/ṭum* | to live |\n", - " | *narkabtum* | *nar/kab/tum* | chariot |\n", - "\n", - "- A syllable may not begin with a vowel:\n", - " - Exception 1: At the beginning of a word 👉*elûm*.\n", - " - Exception 2: Two succesive vowels 👉*kīam*.\n", - " | Akkadian word | Syllabification | Translation |\n", - " | -------- | :--------: | :----------: |\n", - " | *elûm* | *e/lum* | upper |\n", - " | *kīam*, *kiʾam* or *kâm* | *ki/am*, *ki/ʾam*, *kam* | so, thus |\n", - " ```{note}\n", - " For *kīam* there is also the writing *kâm*. \n", - " ```\n", - " \n", - " " - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3.10.0 64-bit", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "name": "python", - "version": "3.10.0" - }, - "orig_nbformat": 4, - "vscode": { - "interpreter": { - "hash": "5c26deda390e14352809ff5e3846854a2e41da099b7523d3f7fcda45a1663734" - } - } - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 2 -} diff --git a/introduction/00_06_dh.ipynb b/introduction/00_06_dh.ipynb index a364cee2..c84adfe3 100644 --- a/introduction/00_06_dh.ipynb +++ b/introduction/00_06_dh.ipynb @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "# L0.6: What are Digital Humanities\n", + "# L0.5: What are Digital Humanities\n", "\n", "Digital Humanities is an interdisciplinary field that combines the use of digital technologies with traditional humanities disciplines such as literature, history, linguistics, philosophy, and cultural studies. It involves the application of computational methods, tools, and approaches to analyze, interpret, and present humanities data in new and innovative ways.\n", "\n", diff --git a/introduction/00_07_exercises.ipynb b/introduction/00_07_exercises.ipynb index ed2c42a2..1286c06f 100644 --- a/introduction/00_07_exercises.ipynb +++ b/introduction/00_07_exercises.ipynb @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "(ex-intro)=\n", - "# L0.7: Exercises\n", + "# L0.6: Exercises\n", "In this excercise we will read first seven lines of the Akkadian poem of creation *Enūma Eliš* \"When on High\" and compare it with the first two verses of Genesis 1 and then practice some cuneiform signs.\n", "\n", "## A. Reading *Enūma Elīš*\n", diff --git a/introduction/00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb b/introduction/00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb index aac54dbd..b866fef2 100644 --- a/introduction/00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb +++ b/introduction/00_08_vocabulary_signs.ipynb @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ "metadata": {}, "source": [ "(voc-sig)=\n", - "# L0.6: Vocabulary & Signs\n", + "# L0.7: Vocabulary & Signs\n", "Learn the folowing words and signs:\n", "\n", "(intro-vocab)=\n", diff --git a/lesson_01/01_00_intro.ipynb b/lesson_01/01_00_intro.ipynb index dfa96359..48dfa5e0 100644 --- a/lesson_01/01_00_intro.ipynb +++ b/lesson_01/01_00_intro.ipynb @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "# L1.0: Introduction\n", + "# Lesson 1\n", "In this chapter we will study the semantic root and the Nominal forms.\n", "\n", "- L1.1: [The Semantic Root](01_01_semantic-root.ipynb)\n", diff --git a/lesson_01/01_01_semantic-root.ipynb b/lesson_01/01_01_semantic-root.ipynb index 2a1c131c..2cd1755e 100644 --- a/lesson_01/01_01_semantic-root.ipynb +++ b/lesson_01/01_01_semantic-root.ipynb @@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ "source": [ "````{margin} Grammar references\n", "GoA 3.1\n", + "GAG §\n", + "aBL § \n", "````\n", "# L1.1: The Semantic Root\n", - "In the Akkadian language, as in all Semitic languages, most words consist of a **root**. A root is a sequence of consonants in which a pattern of internal vowels are used to modify it. Each consonant of the root is called **radical** (abb. R). Additionally prefixes, infixes, suffixes and consonant doubling can also be employed to modify it, in order to build verbs, adjectives, nouns and adverbs. See the following root:\n", + "In the Akkadian language, as in all Semitic languages, most words are formed from a **root**. A root is a sequence of consonants that can be modified by inserting different patterns of internal vowels. Each consonant in the root is referred to as a **radical** (R). Most roots consist of three radicals: R₁-R₂-R₃. For example, the root prs, which means \"to divide, separate, select, decide,\" can be analyzed as follows:\n", "\n", - "P-(R₁)R-(R₂)S(R₃) = to divide, separate, select, decide.\n", + "P-(R₁)R-(R₂)S(R₃)\n", + "\n", + "Prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and consonant doubling can be added to the root to modify it, enabling the creation of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and adverbs. Here are some examples of modifications to the root *prs*:\n", "\n", "| Vowel Pattern | Akkadian Word | Morphological Analysis | Meaning | \n", "| ----------------- | :------------------- | :------------------------------------ | ---------- |\n", @@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ "| *R₁iR₂R₃* | *pirsum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | division |\n", "\n", "```{note}\n", - "The root *P-R-S* is the model root. It is used to describe a pattern: *parāsum, pirs, pars, purs, parās,* etc. It is like the verb פעל in Hebrew.\n", + "The root *P-R-S* is a model root used to illustrate various patterns: *parāsum, pirs, pars, purs, parās,* etc.\n", "```\n", "\n", "There are also roots of two, four and five:\n", @@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ "| *R₁uR₂* | *pus* | *mutum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | husband |\n", "| *R₁āR₂* | *pās* | *kāpum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | rock, cliff |\n", "| *R₁aR₂R₁aR₂* | *paspas* | *kakkabum* (<\\**kabkabum*>) | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | star |\n", - "| *R₁aR₂R₃aR₄iR₅* | *paršaddid* | *šaršabittum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | a tree |\n", + "| *R₁aR₂R₃aR₄iR₅* | *paršaddid* | *šaršabittum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | a type tree |\n", "\n", "```{note}\n", "Five radical roots are very rare. \n", diff --git a/lesson_01/01_02_nominals.ipynb b/lesson_01/01_02_nominals.ipynb index 2a1c131c..752ca476 100644 --- a/lesson_01/01_02_nominals.ipynb +++ b/lesson_01/01_02_nominals.ipynb @@ -5,39 +5,34 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "````{margin} Grammar references\n", - "GoA 3.1\n", - "````\n", - "# L1.1: The Semantic Root\n", - "In the Akkadian language, as in all Semitic languages, most words consist of a **root**. A root is a sequence of consonants in which a pattern of internal vowels are used to modify it. Each consonant of the root is called **radical** (abb. R). Additionally prefixes, infixes, suffixes and consonant doubling can also be employed to modify it, in order to build verbs, adjectives, nouns and adverbs. See the following root:\n", "\n", - "P-(R₁)R-(R₂)S(R₃) = to divide, separate, select, decide.\n", + "(word-class)=\n", "\n", - "| Vowel Pattern | Akkadian Word | Morphological Analysis | Meaning | \n", - "| ----------------- | :------------------- | :------------------------------------ | ---------- |\n", - "| *R₁aR₂āR₃* | *parāsum* | Verb in infinitive + Suffix (nominative ending) | to divide |\n", - "| *R₁uR₂uR₃* | *purus* | Verb in imperative | divide! |\n", - "| *R₁uR₂R₂uR₃* | *purrusum* | Verb in infinitive with doubling of the second radical + Suffix (nominative ending) | cut off |\n", - "| *iR₁R₂uR₃* | *iprus* | Verb in preterite | he decided |\n", - "| *R₁aR₂R₃* | *parsum* | Adjective + Suffix (nominative ending) | cut off, separate |\n", - "| *R₁iR₂R₃* | *pirsum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | division |\n", + "# L1.1: Nominals \n", "\n", - "```{note}\n", - "The root *P-R-S* is the model root. It is used to describe a pattern: *parāsum, pirs, pars, purs, parās,* etc. It is like the verb פעל in Hebrew.\n", - "```\n", + "## Nominals Nouns - Adjectives - Pronouns\n", + "In this chapter we will study the nouns, adjectives and pronouns. They all share the characteristic of being inflected.\n", "\n", - "There are also roots of two, four and five:\n", + "### Nouns\n", + "Nouns in Akkadian are inflected according to:\n", "\n", - "| Vowel Pattern | P-R-S model | Word Class | Morphological Analysis | Meaning | \n", - "| ----------------- | :------------------- | :------------------- | :------------------------------------ | ---------- |\n", - "| *R₁uR₂* | *pus* | *mutum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | husband |\n", - "| *R₁āR₂* | *pās* | *kāpum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | rock, cliff |\n", - "| *R₁aR₂R₁aR₂* | *paspas* | *kakkabum* (<\\**kabkabum*>) | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | star |\n", - "| *R₁aR₂R₃aR₄iR₅* | *paršaddid* | *šaršabittum* | Noun + Suffix (nominative ending) | a tree |\n", + "State: status rectus, status constructus and status absolutus.\n", + "Grammatical Gender: masculine and feminine.\n", + "Grammatical Case: nominative, genitive, accusative and locative and terminative.\n", + "Grammatical number: singular, dual and plural.\n", + "Adjectives\n", + "Adjectives are inflected according to:\n", "\n", - "```{note}\n", - "Five radical roots are very rare. \n", - "```" + "Grammatical Gender: masculine and feminine.\n", + "Grammatical Case: nominative, genitive, accusative and terminative.\n", + "Grammatical number: singular and plural.\n", + "Pronouns\n", + "Pronouns are inflected according to:\n", + "\n", + "Grammatical Gender: masculine and feminine.\n", + "Grammatical Case: nominative, genitive, accusative.\n", + "Grammatical number: singular and plural.\n", + "Grammatical persion: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person." ] }, { diff --git a/lesson_02/02_08_verbless_sentences.ipynb b/lesson_01/01_08_verbless_sentence.ipynb similarity index 100% rename from lesson_02/02_08_verbless_sentences.ipynb rename to lesson_01/01_08_verbless_sentence.ipynb diff --git a/toc.txt b/toc.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..96a55578 --- /dev/null +++ b/toc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +caption: How To + How-To-Interact-With-This-Book + conventions-abbreviations +The Course + course-schedule +The Book + introduction + sections: + 00_01_akkadian_semitic_language + 00_02_history_periodisation + 00_03_phonems_akkadian + 00_04_cuneiform + 00_05_syllabification + 00_06_dh + 00_07_exercises + 00_08_vocabulary_signs + 00_09_assignment + lesson 01 + introduction + sections: + 01_01_semantic-root + 01_02_nominals + 01_03_nouns_status + 01_04_status-constructus + 01_05_nominal_inflection + 01_06_adverbial_suffixes + 01_06_prep-part_ša + 01_08_verbless_sentences + 01_09_digital-projects + 01_10_exercises + 01_11_vocab_signs + 01_12_assignment + lesson 02 + intro + sections: + 02_01_verbal-system + 02_02_G-stem + 02_03_G-preterite + 02_04_G-durative + 02_05_G-perfect + 02_06_peculiarities-strong-verbs + 02_07_geminated-verbs + 02_09_regex + 02_10_exercises + 02_11_vocab-signs + 02_12_assignment + lesson_03/03_00_intro + sections: + lesson_03/03_01_pronouns + lesson_03/03_02_pron-suff + lesson_03/03_03_pron-suff_noun + lesson_03/03_04_pron-suff_prep + lesson_03/03_05_pron-suff_verb + lesson_03/03_06_annotations + lesson_03/03_07_exercises + lesson_03/03_08_vocab-signs + lesson_03/03_09_assignment + lesson_04/04_00_intro + sections: + lesson_04/04_01_denom_adjec + lesson_04/04_02_demons_adjec + lesson_04/04_03_demons_pron + lesson_04/04_04_word-alignment + lesson_04/04_05_exercises + lesson_04/04_06_vocab-signs + lesson_04/04_07_assignment + lesson_05/05_00_intro + sections: + lesson_05/05_01_nom-verb-forms + lesson_05/05_02_infinitive + lesson_05/05_03_participle + lesson_05/05_04_verbaladjective + lesson_05/05_05_stative + lesson_05/05_06_verbless-sentences + lesson_05/05_07_exercises + lesson_05/05_08_vocab-signs + lesson_05/05_09_assignment + lesson_06/06_00_intro + sections: + lesson_06/06_01_negation + lesson_06/06_02_modals + lesson_06/06_03_imperative + lesson_06/06_04_prohibitive + lesson_06/06_05_precative + lesson_06/06_06_cohortative + lesson_06/06_07_vetitive + lesson_06/06_08_coordination-words-sentences + lesson_06/06_09_exercises + lesson_06/06_10_vocabulary + lesson_06/06_11_assignment + lesson_07/07_00_intro + sections: + lesson_07/07_01_d-stem + lesson_07/07_02_š-stem + lesson_07/07_03_subordination-relative-sentences + lesson_07/07_04_exercises + lesson_07/07_05_vocabulary + lesson_07/07_06_assignment + lesson_08/08_00_intro + sections: + lesson_08/08_01_n-stem + lesson_08/08_02_tan-stem + lesson_08/08_03_ta-stem + lesson_08/08_04_ShD-stem + lesson_08/08_05_interrogation + lesson_08/08_06_exercises + lesson_08/08_07_vocabulary + lesson_08/08_08_assignment + lesson_09/09_00_intro + sections: + lesson_09/09_01_weak_verbs + lesson_09/09_02_1_n_verbs + lesson_09/09_03_1_w_verbs + lesson_09/09_04_dh-topic + lesson_09/09_05_exercises + lesson_09/09_06_vocabulary + lesson_09/09_07_assignment + lesson_10/10_00_intro + sections: + lesson_10/10_01_1_aleph_verbs + lesson_10/10_02_1_y_verbs + lesson_10/10_03_relative-sentences + lesson_10/10_04_dh-topic + lesson_10/10_05_exercises + lesson_10/10_06_vocab-signs + lesson_10/10_07_assignment + lesson_11/11_00_intro + sections: + lesson_11/11_01_III_weak_verbs + lesson_11/11_02_four-radical-verbs + lesson_11/11_03_dh-topic + lesson_11/11_04_exercises + lesson_11/11_05_vocabulary + lesson_11/11_06_assignment + lesson_12/12_00_intro + sections: + lesson_12/12_01_double_weak_verbs + lesson_12/12_02_special_verbs + lesson_12/12_03_subordination + lesson_12/12_04_dh-topic + lesson_12/12_05_exercises + lesson_12/12_06_vocabulary + lesson_12/12_07_assignment + - caption: Appendix + chapters: + appendix/signs + appendix/numbers + appendix/nominal-forms + appendix/paradigm-nouns + appendix/paradigm-verbs + appendix/vowel-contraction + appendix/mimmation-nunnation + appendix/tense-aspect-mode + appendix/literary-genres + appendix/parts_of_speech + - caption: Datasets + chapters: + datasets/datasets + datasets/digital_projects + - caption: Bibliography + chapters: + how-to/how-to-use-print-literature + bibliography/general_bibliography + bibliography/textbooks + bibliography/grammars + bibliography/dictionaries + bibliography/sign_lists + - caption: Extra Material + chapters: + extra_material/digital_tools + - caption: Acknowledgements + chapters: + acknowledgement + \ No newline at end of file