diff --git a/.github/workflows/backend.yml b/.github/workflows/backend.yml
index 0f150b51a4..28d7ff90d1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/backend.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/backend.yml
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ jobs:
             aka.ms:443
             api.github.com:443
             api.nuget.org:443
-            codecov.io:443
             dc.services.visualstudio.com:443
             deb.debian.org:80
             dotnetbuilds.azureedge.net:443
@@ -36,8 +35,6 @@ jobs:
             github.com:443
             md-hdd-t032zjxllntc.z26.blob.storage.azure.net:443
             objects.githubusercontent.com:443
-            storage.googleapis.com:443
-            uploader.codecov.io:443
       - uses: actions/checkout@3df4ab11eba7bda6032a0b82a6bb43b11571feac # v4.0.0
       - name: Setup dotnet
         uses: actions/setup-dotnet@3447fd6a9f9e57506b15f895c5b76d3b197dc7c2 # v3.2.0
@@ -47,27 +44,16 @@ jobs:
         uses: FedericoCarboni/setup-ffmpeg@v2 # v2.0.0
 
       # Coverage.
-      - name: run coverage tests
+      - name: Run coverage tests
         run: dotnet test Backend.Tests/Backend.Tests.csproj
         shell: bash
-      - name: Upload coverage report
-        id: uploadCoverage
-        continue-on-error: true
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@eaaf4bedf32dbdc6b720b63067d99c4d77d6047d # v3.1.4
-        with:
-          files: Backend.Tests/coverage.cobertura.xml
-          flags: backend
-          name: Backend
-          fail_ci_if_error: true
-      - name: Upload coverage report - take 2 (if the first attempt fails)
-        if: steps.uploadCoverage.outcome == 'failure'
-        id: uploadCoverage2
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@eaaf4bedf32dbdc6b720b63067d99c4d77d6047d # v3.1.4
+      - name: Upload coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
-          files: Backend.Tests/coverage.cobertura.xml
-          flags: backend
-          name: Backend
-          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          name: coverage
+          path: Backend.Tests/coverage.cobertura.xml
+          retention-days: 7
 
       # Development build.
       - run: dotnet build BackendFramework.sln
@@ -79,6 +65,37 @@ jobs:
       - run: dotnet tool install -g dotnet-format
       - run: dotnet-format --check
 
+  upload_coverage:
+    needs: test_build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      # See https://docs.stepsecurity.io/harden-runner/getting-started/ for instructions on
+      # configuring harden-runner and identifying allowed endpoints.
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@8ca2b8b2ece13480cda6dacd3511b49857a23c09 # v2.5.1
+        with:
+          disable-sudo: true
+          egress-policy: block
+          allowed-endpoints: >
+            api.github.com:443
+            codecov.io:443
+            github.com:443
+            storage.googleapis.com:443
+            uploader.codecov.io:443
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@3df4ab11eba7bda6032a0b82a6bb43b11571feac # v4.0.0
+      - name: Download coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage
+      - name: Upload coverage report
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@eaaf4bedf32dbdc6b720b63067d99c4d77d6047d # v3.1.4
+        with:
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          files: coverage.cobertura.xml
+          flags: backend
+          name: Backend
+
   CodeQL_build:
     permissions:
       actions: read # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
diff --git a/.github/workflows/frontend.yml b/.github/workflows/frontend.yml
index 41beb712e3..dd89062378 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/frontend.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/frontend.yml
@@ -26,11 +26,8 @@ jobs:
           allowed-endpoints: >
             *.actions.githubusercontent.com:443
             api.github.com:443
-            codecov.io:443
             github.com:443
             registry.npmjs.org:443
-            storage.googleapis.com:443
-            uploader.codecov.io:443
       - uses: actions/checkout@3df4ab11eba7bda6032a0b82a6bb43b11571feac # v4.0.0
       - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-node@5e21ff4d9bc1a8cf6de233a3057d20ec6b3fb69d # v3.8.1
@@ -44,27 +41,47 @@ jobs:
       - run: npm run test-frontend:coverage
         env:
           CI: true
+      - name: Upload coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          name: coverage
+          path: coverage/clover.xml
+          retention-days: 7
+
+      # Release build.
+      - run: npm run build
+
+  upload_coverage:
+    needs: lint_test_build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      # See https://docs.stepsecurity.io/harden-runner/getting-started/ for instructions on
+      # configuring harden-runner and identifying allowed endpoints.
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@8ca2b8b2ece13480cda6dacd3511b49857a23c09 # v2.5.1
+        with:
+          disable-sudo: true
+          egress-policy: block
+          allowed-endpoints: >
+            api.github.com:443
+            codecov.io:443
+            github.com:443
+            storage.googleapis.com:443
+            uploader.codecov.io:443
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@3df4ab11eba7bda6032a0b82a6bb43b11571feac # v4.0.0
+      - name: Download coverage artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: coverage
       - name: Upload coverage report
-        id: uploadCoverage
-        continue-on-error: true
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@eaaf4bedf32dbdc6b720b63067d99c4d77d6047d # v3.1.4
         with:
-          files: coverage/clover.xml
-          flags: frontend
-          name: Frontend
           fail_ci_if_error: true
-      - name: Upload coverage report - take 2 (if the first attempt fails)
-        if: steps.uploadCoverage.outcome == 'failure'
-        id: uploadCoverage2
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@eaaf4bedf32dbdc6b720b63067d99c4d77d6047d # v3.1.4
-        with:
-          files: coverage/clover.xml
+          files: clover.xml
           flags: frontend
           name: Frontend
-          fail_ci_if_error: true
-
-      # Release build.
-      - run: npm run build
 
   docker_build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest