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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>
Web Share API
</title>
<script src="https://www.w3.org/Tools/respec/respec-w3c" class=
"remove"></script>
<script class='remove'>
var respecConfig = {
shortName: "web-share",
previousMaturity: "WD",
specStatus: "ED",
github: {
repoURL: "w3c/web-share",
branch: "main"
},
testSuiteURI: "https://wpt.live/web-share/",
group: "webapps",
editors: [{
name: "Matt Giuca",
company: "Google Inc.",
companyURL: "https://google.com",
w3cid: 91260
},
{
name: "Eric Willigers",
company: "Google Inc.",
companyURL: "https://google.com",
w3cid: 67534
},
{
name: "Marcos Cáceres",
company: "Apple Inc.",
companyURL: "https://apple.com",
w3cid: 39125,
}],
caniuse: {
feature: "web-share",
browsers: ["chrome", "firefox", "safari", "edge", "and_chr", "and_ff", "ios_saf"],
},
implementationReportURI: "https://wpt.fyi/web-share",
xref: "web-platform",
mdn: true,
crEnd: "2022-09-20",
};
</script>
</head>
<body data-cite="FILEAPI">
<section id="abstract">
<p>
This specification defines an API for sharing text, links and other
content to an arbitrary destination of the user's choice.
</p>
<p>
The available share targets are not specified here; they are provided
by the user agent. They could, for example, be apps, websites or
contacts.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd" class="updateable-rec">
<section class="informative">
<h3>
implementation status
</h3>
<p>
The ability to share content is often dependent on the underlying
operating system providing a "share" capability and also on OS UI
conventions. For example, some OSs present a "share sheet", while
others rely on an pop-up menu. Due to these aforementioned
dependencies, there is ongoing work by implementers to bring the Web
Share API to all OSs. This ongoing effort is reflected as failures in
the <a href="https://wpt.fyi/web-share">implementation report</a>,
which is generated by running tests on a limited set of OSs. However,
the Working Group is optimistic that the Web Share API will become
more available across all OSs over time, and is already widely
available on popular OSs across a range of devices.
</p>
<p>
<!-- TODO: Remove me when this goes to REC, otherwise it will show up twice! -->
Future updates to this Recommendation may incorporate [new
features](https://www.w3.org/2021/Process-20211102/#allow-new-features).
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section class="informative">
<h2>
Usage Examples
</h2>
<h3>
Sharing text and links
</h3>
<p>
This example shows a basic share operation. In response to a button
click, this JavaScript code shares the current page's URL.
</p>
<pre class="example javascript" title="Sharing text and URL">
shareButton.addEventListener("click", async () => {
try {
await navigator.share({ title: "Example Page", url: "" });
console.log("Data was shared successfully");
} catch (err) {
console.error("Share failed:", err.message);
}
});
</pre>
<p>
Note that a {{ShareData/url}} of `''` refers to the current page URL,
just as it would in a link. Any other absolute or relative URL can also
be used.
</p>
<p>
In response to this call to {{Navigator/share()}}, the user agent would
display a picker or chooser dialog, allowing the user to select a
target to share this title and the page URL to.
</p>
<h3>
Sharing a file
</h3>
<p>
This example shows how to share a file. Note that the
{{ShareData/files}} member is an array, allowing for multiple files to
be shared.
</p>
<pre class="example javascript" title="Sharing a file">
shareButton.addEventListener("click", async () => {
const file = new File(data, "some.png", { type: "image/png" });
try {
await navigator.share({
title: "Example File",
files: [file]
});
} catch (err) {
console.error("Share failed:", err.message);
}
});
</pre>
<h3>
Validating a share
</h3>
<p>
Calling {{Navigator/canShare()}} method with a {{ShareData}} dictionary
[=validate share data|validates=] the shared data. Unlike
{{Navigator/share()}}, it can be called without [=transient
activation=].
</p>
<pre class="js example">
const file = new File([], "some.png", { type: "image/png" });
// Check if files are supported
if (navigates.canShare({files: [file]})) {
// Sharing a png file would probably be ok...
}
// Check if a URL is ok to share...
if (navigates.canShare({ url: someURL })) {
// The URL is valid and can probably be shared...
}
</pre>
<h3>
Checking if members are supported
</h3>
<p>
Because of how WebIDL dictionaries work, members passed to
{{Navigator/share(())}} that are unknown to the user agent are ignored.
This can be a problem when sharing multiple members, but the user agent
doesn't support sharing one of those members. To be sure that every
member being passed is supported by the user agent, you can pass them
to {{Navigator/canShare()}} individually to check if they are
supported.
</p>
<pre class="js example" title="Future-proofing shares">
const data = {
title: "Example Page",
url: "https://example.com",
text: "This is a text to share",
someFutureThing: "some future thing",
};
const allSupported = Object.entries(data).every(([key, value]) => {
return navigator.canShare({ [key]: value });
});
if (allSupported) {
await navigator.share(data);
}
</pre>
<p>
Alternatively, you can adjust application's UI to not show UI
components for unsupported members.
</p>
<pre class="js example" title="Filtering out unsupported members">
const data = {
title: "Example Page",
url: "https://example.com",
text: "This is a text to share",
someFutureThing: "some future thing",
};
// Things that are not supported...
const unsupported = Object.entries(data).filter(([key, value]) => {
return !navigator.canShare({ [key]: value });
});
</pre>
<h3>
Enabling the API in third-party contexts
</h3>
<p data-cite="permissions-policy">
The [=default allowlist=] of [=default allowlist/'self'=] makes Web
Share API available by default only in first-party contexts.
</p>
<p>
Third-party can be allowed to use this API via an [^iframe^]'s
[^iframe/allow^] attribute:
</p>
<aside class="example" title=
"Disabling the web-share API in a third-party context">
<pre class="html">
<iframe
src="https://third-party.example"
allow="web-share">
</iframe>
</pre>
</aside>
<p>
Alternatively, the API can be disabled in a first-party context by
specifying an HTTP response header:
</p>
<aside class="example" title=
"Disabling Web Share over API HTTP using Permissions Policy">
<pre class="http">
Permissions-Policy: web-share=()
</pre>
</aside>
<p>
See the [[[permissions-policy]]] specification for more details and for
how to control the permission policies on a per-origin basis.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>
API definition
</h2>
<section data-dfn-for="Navigator">
<h3>
Extensions to the `Navigator` interface
</h3>
<pre class="idl">
partial interface Navigator {
[SecureContext] Promise<undefined> share(optional ShareData data = {});
[SecureContext] boolean canShare(optional ShareData data = {});
};
</pre>
<section>
<h4>
Internal Slots
</h4>
<p>
This API adds the following internal slot to the {{Navigator}}
interface.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
{{Promise}}? <dfn>[[\sharePromise]]</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} is a promise that
represents a user's current intent to share some data with a
<a>share target</a>. It is initialized to `null`.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section>
<h4>
<dfn>share()</dfn> method
</h4>
<p>
When the {{Navigator/share()}} method is called with argument
|data:ShareData|, run the listed steps listed below while taking
into consideration the following security implications.
</p>
<p>
Web Share enables data to be sent from websites to a [=share
target=], which can be a native applications. While this ability is
not unique to Web Share, it does come with a number of potential
security risks that can vary in severity (depending on the
underlying platform).
</p>
<p>
The data passed to {{Navigator/share()}} might be used to exploit
buffer overflow or other remote code execution vulnerabilities in
the [=share target=] that receive shares. There is no general way
to guard against this, but implementors will want to be aware that
it is a possibility (particularly when sharing files).
</p>
<p>
[=Share targets=] that dereference a shared URL and forward that
information on might inadvertently forward information that might
be otherwise confidential. This can lead to unexpected information
leakage if shares reference content that is only accessible by that
application, the host on which it runs, or its network location.
</p>
<p>
Malicious sites might exploit share targets that leak information
by providing URLs that ultimately resolve to local resources,
including, but not limited to, "file:" URLs or local services that
might otherwise be inaccessible. Even though this API limits shared
URLS to a restricted set of [=sharable schemes=], use of redirects
to other URLs or tweaks to DNS records for hosts in those URLs
might be used to cause applications to acquire content.
</p>
<p>
To avoid being used in these attacks, share targets can consume the
URL, retrieve the content, and process that information without
sharing it. For instance, a photo editing application might
retrieve an image that is "shared" with it. A share target can also
share the URL without fetching any of the referenced content.
</p>
<p>
Share targets that fetch content for the purposes of offering a
preview or for sharing content risk information leakage. Content
that is previewed and authorized by a user might be safe to
forward, however it is not always possible for a person to identify
when information should be confidential, so forwarding any content
presents a risk. In particular, the {{ShareData/title}} might be
used by an attacker to trick a user into misinterpreting the nature
of the content.
</p>
<p>
As with any user of {{DOMException}}, implementors need to
carefully consider what information is revealed in the error
message when {{Navigator/share()}} is rejected. Even distinguishing
between the case where no [=share targets=] are available and user
cancellation could reveal information about which share targets are
installed on the user's device.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>Let |global:Window| be [=this=]'s [=relevant global object=].
</li>
<li>Let |document:Document| be |global|'s [=associated
`Document`=].
</li>
<li>If |document| is not [=Document/fully active=], return [=a
promise rejected with=] an {{"InvalidStateError"}}
{{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>If |document| is not <a>allowed to use</a> <a>"web-share"</a>,
return [=a promise rejected with=] a {{"NotAllowedError"}}
{{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>If [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} is not `null`,
return [=a promise rejected with=] an {{"InvalidStateError"}}
{{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>If |global| does not have [=transient activation=], return [=a
promise rejected with=] a {{"NotAllowedError"}} {{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>[=Consume user activation=] of |global|.
</li>
<li>Let |base:URL| be [=this=]'s <a>relevant settings object</a>'s
[=environment settings object/API base URL=].
</li>
<li>If [=validate share data=] with |data| and |base| returns
false, then return [=a promise rejected with=] a {{TypeError}}.
</li>
<li>If |data|'s {{ShareData/url}} member is present:
<ol>
<li>Let |url:URL| be the result of running the <a>URL
parser</a> on |data|'s {{ShareData/url}} with |base|.
</li>
<li>Assert: |url| is {{URL}}.
</li>
<li>Set |data| to a copy of |data|, with its {{ShareData/url}}
member set to the result of running the <a>URL serializer</a>
on |url|.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If a file type is being blocked due to security considerations,
return [=a promise rejected with=] a {{"NotAllowedError"}}
{{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>Set [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} to be <a>a new
promise</a>.
</li>
<li>Return [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} and <a>in
parallel</a>:
<ol>
<li>If there are no <a>share targets</a> available, [=queue a
global task=] on the [=user interaction task source=] using
|global| to:
<ol>
<li>[=Reject=] [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} with
an {{"AbortError"}} {{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>Set [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} to `null`.
</li>
<li>Abort these steps.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Present the user with a choice of one more <a>share
targets</a> and the ability abort the operation. This UI
surface serves as a security confirmation, ensuring that
websites cannot silently send data to native applications. The
user agent SHOULD show intermediary UI through which the user
can verify the shared content (if the OS-level UI does not
provide this functionality).
</li>
<li>Wait for the user's choice.
</li>
<li>If the user chose to abort the share operation, [=queue a
global task=] on the [=user interaction task source=] using
|global| to:
<ol>
<li>[=Reject=] [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} with
an {{"AbortError"}} {{DOMException}},
</li>
<li>Set [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} to `null`.
</li>
<li>Abort these steps.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Activate the chosen <a>share target</a>, <a>convert |data|
to a format suitable for ingestion into the target</a>, and
transmit the converted data to the target.
</li>
<li>If an error occurs starting the target or transmitting the
data, [=queue a global task=] on the [=user interaction task
source=] using |global| to:
<ol>
<li>[=Reject=] [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} with
an {{"DataError"}} {{DOMException}}.
</li>
<li>Set [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} to `null`.
</li>
<li>Abort these steps.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Once the data has either been successfully transmitted to
the [=share target=], or successfully transmitted to the OS (if
the transmission to the [=share target=] cannot be confirmed),
[=queue a global task=] on the [=user interaction task source=]
using |global| to:
<aside class="note">
Once a share target has been given the payload, the share
is considered successful. If the target considers the data
unacceptable or an error occurs, it can either recover
gracefully, or show an error message to the end-user; it
cannot rely on the sender to handle errors. In other words,
the {{Navigator/share()}} method is "fire and forget"; it
does not wait for the target to approve or reject the
payload.
</aside>
<ol>
<li>[=Resolve=] [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}}
with `undefined`.
</li>
<li>Set [=this=].{{Navigator/[[sharePromise]]}} to `null`.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h3>
`canShare(data)` method
</h3>
<p>
When the <dfn>canShare()</dfn> method is called with argument
{{ShareData}} |data:ShareData|, run the following steps:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>Let |document:Document| be the [=this=]'s [=relevant global
object=]'s [=associated `Document`=].
</li>
<li>If |document| is not [=Document/fully active=], return false.
</li>
<li>If |document| is not <a>allowed to use</a> <a>"web-share"</a>,
return false.
</li>
<li>Return the result of [=validate share data=] with |data| and
[=this=]'s [=relevant settings object=]'s [=environment settings
object/API base URL=].
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h3>
Validate share data
</h3>
<p>
A <dfn>sharable scheme</dfn> is any of the following [=URL=]
[=URL/schemes=]:
</p>
<ul>
<li>`http`
</li>
<li>`https`
</li>
<li>Any [=safelisted scheme=] that the user agent supports for the
purpose of sharing.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
To <dfn>validate share data</dfn> with |data:ShareData| and
|base:URL|, run the following steps:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>If none of |data|'s members {{ShareData/title}},
{{ShareData/text}}, or {{ShareData/url}} or {{ShareData/files}} are
present, return false.
</li>
<li>Let |titleTextOrUrl:boolean| be true if any of
{{ShareData/title}}, or {{ShareData/text}}, or {{ShareData/url}} is
present.
</li>
<li>If |data|'s {{ShareData/files}} member is present:
<ol>
<li>If |titleTextOrUrl| is false and |data|'s
{{ShareData/files}} member is empty, return false.
<p class="note">
This causes a `{ files: [] }` dictionary to be treated as
an empty dictionary. However, passing a dictionary like
`{text: "text", files: []}` is fine, as `files` is just
ignored.
</p>
</li>
<li>If the implementation does not support file sharing, return
false.
</li>
<li>If the user agent believes sharing any of the files in
`files` would result in a potentially hostile share (i.e., the
user agent determines a file is malicious in some way, because
of its contents, size, or other characteristic), return false.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If |data|'s {{ShareData/url}} member is present:
<ol>
<li>Let |url:URL| be the result of running the [=URL parser=]
on |data|'s {{ShareData/url}} member, with |base|, and no
encoding override.
</li>
<li>If |url| is failure, return false.
</li>
<li>If the |url|'s [=URL/scheme=] is a [=local scheme=], or
`file`, or `javascript`, or `ws`, or `wss`, return false.
</li>
<li>If |url|'s [=URL/scheme=] is not a [=sharable scheme=],
return false.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Return true.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section data-dfn-for="ShareData">
<h3>
`ShareData` dictionary
</h3>
<pre class="idl">
dictionary ShareData {
sequence<File> files;
USVString title;
USVString text;
USVString url;
};
</pre>
<p>
The <dfn>ShareData</dfn> dictionary consists of several optional
members:
</p>
<dl data-sort="">
<dt>
<dfn>files</dfn> member
</dt>
<dd>
Files to be shared.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn>title</dfn> member
</dt>
<dd>
The title of the document being shared. May be ignored by the
target.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn>text</dfn> member
</dt>
<dd>
Arbitrary text that forms the body of the message being shared.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn>url</dfn> member
</dt>
<dd>
A URL string referring to a resource being shared.
</dd>
</dl>
<aside class="note" data-cite="encoding">
These members are {{USVString}} (as opposed to {{DOMString}}) because
they are not allowed to contain surrogate code points. Among other
things, this means that the user agent can serialize them into any
Unicode encoding, such as [=UTF-8=], without change or loss of data
or the generation of replacement characters.
</aside>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2>
Share targets
</h2>
<p>
A <dfn data-export="">share target</dfn> is the abstract concept of a
destination that the user agent will transmit the share data to. What
constitutes a share target is at the discretion of the user agent.
</p>
<p>
A share target might not be directly able to accept a {{ShareData}}
(due to not having been written with this API in mind). However, it
MUST have the ability to receive data that matches some or all of the
concepts exposed in {{ShareData}}. To <dfn>convert data to a format
suitable for ingestion into the target</dfn>, the user agent SHOULD map
the members of {{ShareData}} onto equivalent concepts in the target. It
MAY discard or combine members if necessary. The meaning of each member
of the payload is at the discretion of the share target.
</p>
<div class="note">
Mapping the {{ShareData}} to the share target's (or operating system's)
native format can be tricky as some platforms will not have an
equivalent set of members. For example, if the target has a "text"
member but not a "URL" member (as is the case on Android), one solution
is to concatenate both the {{ShareData/text}} and {{ShareData/url}}
members of {{ShareData}} and pass the result in the "text" member of
the target.
</div>
<p>
Each share target MAY be made conditionally available depending on the
{{ShareData}} payload delivered to the {{Navigator/share()}} method.
</p>
<section class="informative">
<h3>
Examples of share targets
</h3>
<p>
The list of share targets can be populated from a variety of sources,
depending on the user agent and host operating system. For example:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Built-in service (e.g., "copy to clipboard").
</li>
<li>Native applications written for the host operating system.
</li>
<li>Contacts (e.g., the user agent directly shares to a person from
the user's address book, using a specific app).
</li>
<li>Websites (e.g., the user agent fills in a template URL with the
members of the {{ShareData}}, then navigates to that URL in a new
browsing context).
</li>
</ul>
<div class="note">
There is an attempt to standardize the registration of websites to
receive share data for that final use case; see <a href=
"https://github.com/w3c/web-share-target">Web Share Target</a>.
</div>
<p>
In some cases, the host operating system will provide a sharing or
intent system similar to Web Share. In these cases, the user agent
can simply forward the share data to the operating system and not
talk directly to native applications.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="permissions-policy" data-cite="permissions-policy">
<h2>
Permissions Policy integration
</h2>
<p>
This specification defines a policy-controlled permission identified by
the string <code><dfn class="permission">"web-share"</dfn></code>. Its
[=default allowlist=] is [=default allowlist/'self'=], which means
third-party contexts are not [=allowed to use=] the API by default.
</p>
<p>
Developers can use the means afforded by the [[[permissions-policy]]]
specification to control if and when a third-party context is [=allowed
to use=] this API.
</p>
<aside class="note" title="Permissions Policy Implementation Status">
<p>
Although user agents are unified in preventing the Web Share API from
being used in third-party context, at the time of publication there
are interoperability with relying on the [[[Permissions-Policy]]] to
enable the API in third-party contexts. In particular, although
the[^iframe/allow^] attribute is widely supported, the updated syntax
for the [^iframe/allow^] attribute is not. Similarly, the
`Permissions-Policy:` HTTP header is not yet widely supported.
Developers are advised to check the implementation status of the
[[[Permissions-Policy]]] specification before relying on it to enable
the Web Share API in third-party contexts.
</p>
</aside>
</section>
<section class="informative">
<h2>
Accessibility considerations
</h2>
<p>
When this specification is used to present information in the user
interface, implementors will want to follow the OS level accessibility
guidelines for the platform.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>
Privacy considerations
</h2>
<ul>
<li>By design, the API cannot be used by a website to learn which
[=share targets=] are available, or which share target the user chose
from {{Navigator/share()}}. This is to prevent leaking information that
could be used for fingerprinting, as well as leaking details about the
user's device or user's preferred share targets.
</li>
<li>Use of {{Navigator/share()}} from a <a href=
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_mode">private browsing mode</a>
might leak private data to a third-party application that does not
respect the user's privacy setting. User agents could present
additional warnings or MAY disable the feature entirely when in a
private browsing mode, but this is not mandated as the chooser UI could
be considered sufficient warning.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="conformance"></section>
<section id="idl-index"></section>
<section class="informative">
<h2>
Changlog
</h2>
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</section>
<section class="appendix">
<h2>
Acknowledgments
</h2>
<p>
Thanks to the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/web-intents">Web
Intents</a> team, who laid the groundwork for the web app
interoperability use cases. In particular, <a href=
"https://paul.kinlan.me/">Paul Kinlan</a>, who did a lot of early
advocacy for Web Share.
</p>
</section>
</body>
</html>