feat(badger): cx and rz const functions and strategies for `Lexic…

…ographicCostFunction` (#625)

A couple of points to note:
1. I've made some minor breaking changes to the Rust API of
`LexicographicCostFunction`. I think it is cleaner now.
2. I had the choice between keeping `fn` pointers as the cost function
type within `LexicographicCostFunction` or moving to `Box<Fn>`. I've
stuck to the former for the moment, but I didn't figure out a simple way
to reuse the same code for `Tk2Op::CX` and `Tk2Op::RzF64` without using
closures. The current code has some duplication as a result, but I think
it's bearable.
3. I've tried running badger with `cost_fn='rz'`, but the Rz gate count
does not decrease at all. I've looked for an obvious bug but I don't
think it is within these changes...

Let me know if you disagree with 1. or 2 and what you think we should do
about 3.

---

### Changelog metadata

BEGIN_COMMIT_OVERRIDE
feat: `BadgerOptimiser.load_precompiled`, `BadgerOptimiser.compile_eccs`
and `passes.badger_pass` now take an optional `cost_fn` parameter to
specify the cost function to minimise. Supported values are `'cx'`
(default behaviour) and `'rz'`.

END_COMMIT_OVERRIDE

---------

Co-authored-by: Agustín Borgna <agustin.borgna@quantinuum.com>

tket2-py/src/optimiser.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::io::BufWriter;
 use std::{fs, num::NonZeroUsize, path::PathBuf};
 
+use pyo3::exceptions::PyValueError;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use tket2::optimiser::badger::BadgerOptions;
 use tket2::optimiser::{BadgerLogger, DefaultBadgerOptimiser};
@@ -24,20 +25,60 @@ pub fn module(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyModule>> {
 #[pyclass(name = "BadgerOptimiser")]
 pub struct PyBadgerOptimiser(DefaultBadgerOptimiser);
 
+/// The cost function to use for the Badger optimiser.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub enum BadgerCostFunction {
+    /// Minimise CX count.
+    #[default]
+    CXCount,
+    /// Minimise Rz count.
+    RzCount,
+}
+
+impl<'py> FromPyObject<'py> for BadgerCostFunction {
+    fn extract(ob: &'py PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let str = ob.extract::<&str>()?;
+        match str {
+            "cx" => Ok(BadgerCostFunction::CXCount),
+            "rz" => Ok(BadgerCostFunction::RzCount),
+            _ => Err(PyErr::new::<PyValueError, _>(format!(
+                "Invalid cost function: {}. Expected 'cx' or 'rz'.",
+                str
+            ))),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[pymethods]
 impl PyBadgerOptimiser {
     /// Create a new [`PyDefaultBadgerOptimiser`] from a precompiled rewriter.
     #[staticmethod]
-    pub fn load_precompiled(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
-        Self(DefaultBadgerOptimiser::default_with_rewriter_binary(path).unwrap())
+    pub fn load_precompiled(path: PathBuf, cost_fn: Option<BadgerCostFunction>) -> Self {
+        let opt = match cost_fn.unwrap_or_default() {
+            BadgerCostFunction::CXCount => {
+                DefaultBadgerOptimiser::default_with_rewriter_binary(path).unwrap()
+            }
+            BadgerCostFunction::RzCount => {
+                DefaultBadgerOptimiser::rz_opt_with_rewriter_binary(path).unwrap()
+            }
+        };
+        Self(opt)
     }
 
     /// Create a new [`PyDefaultBadgerOptimiser`] from ECC sets.
     ///
     /// This will compile the rewriter from the provided ECC JSON file.
     #[staticmethod]
-    pub fn compile_eccs(path: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(DefaultBadgerOptimiser::default_with_eccs_json_file(path).unwrap())
+    pub fn compile_eccs(path: &str, cost_fn: Option<BadgerCostFunction>) -> Self {
+        let opt = match cost_fn.unwrap_or_default() {
+            BadgerCostFunction::CXCount => {
+                DefaultBadgerOptimiser::default_with_eccs_json_file(path).unwrap()
+            }
+            BadgerCostFunction::RzCount => {
+                DefaultBadgerOptimiser::rz_opt_with_eccs_json_file(path).unwrap()
+            }
+        };
+        Self(opt)
     }
 
     /// Run the optimiser on a circuit.

tket2-py/tket2/_tket2/optimiser.pyi

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import TypeVar, Literal
 from .circuit import Tk2Circuit
 from pytket._tket.circuit import Circuit
 
@@ -8,12 +8,26 @@ CircuitClass = TypeVar("CircuitClass", Circuit, Tk2Circuit)
 
 class BadgerOptimiser:
     @staticmethod
-    def load_precompiled(filename: Path) -> BadgerOptimiser:
-        """Load a precompiled rewriter from a file."""
+    def load_precompiled(
+        filename: Path, cost_fn: Literal["cx", "rz"] | None = None
+    ) -> BadgerOptimiser:
+        """
+        Load a precompiled rewriter from a file.
+
+        :param filename: The path to the file containing the precompiled rewriter.
+        :param cost_fn: The cost function to use.
+        """
 
     @staticmethod
-    def compile_eccs(filename: Path) -> BadgerOptimiser:
-        """Compile a set of ECCs and create a new rewriter ."""
+    def compile_eccs(
+        filename: Path, cost_fn: Literal["cx", "rz"] | None = None
+    ) -> BadgerOptimiser:
+        """
+        Compile a set of ECCs and create a new rewriter.
+
+        :param filename: The path to the file containing the ECCs.
+        :param cost_fn: The cost function to use.
+        """
 
     def optimise(
         self,

tket2-py/tket2/passes.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Optional, Literal
 
 from pytket import Circuit
 from pytket.passes import CustomPass, BasePass
@@ -37,13 +37,17 @@ def badger_pass(
     max_circuit_count: Optional[int] = None,
     log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
     rebase: bool = False,
+    cost_fn: Literal["cx", "rz"] | None = None,
 ) -> BasePass:
     """Construct a Badger pass.
 
     The Badger optimiser requires a pre-compiled rewriter produced by the
     `compile-rewriter <https://github.com/CQCL/tket2/tree/main/badger-optimiser>`_
     utility. If `rewriter` is not specified, a default one will be used.
 
+    The cost function to minimise can be specified by passing `cost_fn` as `'cx'`
+    or `'rz'`. If not specified, the default is `'cx'`.
+
     The arguments `max_threads`, `timeout`, `progress_timeout`, `max_circuit_count`,
     `log_dir` and `rebase` are optional and will be passed on to the Badger
     optimiser if provided."""
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ def badger_pass(
             )
 
         rewriter = tket2_eccs.nam_6_3()
-    opt = optimiser.BadgerOptimiser.load_precompiled(rewriter)
+    opt = optimiser.BadgerOptimiser.load_precompiled(rewriter, cost_fn=cost_fn)
 
     def apply(circuit: Circuit) -> Circuit:
         """Apply Badger optimisation to the circuit."""

tket2/src/optimiser/badger.rs

@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ mod badger_default {
         /// A sane default optimiser using the given ECC sets.
         pub fn default_with_eccs_json_file(eccs_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<Self> {
             let rewriter = ECCRewriter::try_from_eccs_json_file(eccs_path)?;
-            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx();
+            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx_strategy();
             Ok(BadgerOptimiser::new(rewriter, strategy))
         }
 
@@ -528,7 +528,24 @@ mod badger_default {
             rewriter_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
         ) -> Result<Self, RewriterSerialisationError> {
             let rewriter = ECCRewriter::load_binary(rewriter_path)?;
-            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx();
+            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx_strategy();
+            Ok(BadgerOptimiser::new(rewriter, strategy))
+        }
+
+        /// An optimiser minimising Rz gate count using the given ECC sets.
+        pub fn rz_opt_with_eccs_json_file(eccs_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<Self> {
+            let rewriter = ECCRewriter::try_from_eccs_json_file(eccs_path)?;
+            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::rz_count().into_greedy_strategy();
+            Ok(BadgerOptimiser::new(rewriter, strategy))
+        }
+
+        /// An optimiser minimising Rz gate count using a precompiled binary rewriter.
+        #[cfg(feature = "binary-eccs")]
+        pub fn rz_opt_with_rewriter_binary(
+            rewriter_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        ) -> Result<Self, RewriterSerialisationError> {
+            let rewriter = ECCRewriter::load_binary(rewriter_path)?;
+            let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::rz_count().into_greedy_strategy();
             Ok(BadgerOptimiser::new(rewriter, strategy))
         }
     }

tket2/src/rewrite/strategy.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 //!      not increase some coarse cost function (e.g. CX count), whilst
 //!      ordering them according to a lexicographic ordering of finer cost
 //!      functions (e.g. total gate count). See
-//!      [`LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx`]) for a default implementation.
+//!      [`LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx_strategy`]) for a default implementation.
 //!    - [`GammaStrategyCost`] ignores rewrites that increase the cost
 //!      function beyond a percentage given by a f64 parameter gamma.
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use hugr::HugrView;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
 use crate::circuit::cost::{is_cx, is_quantum, CircuitCost, CostDelta, LexicographicCost};
-use crate::Circuit;
+use crate::{op_matches, Circuit, Tk2Op};
 
 use super::trace::RewriteTrace;
 use super::CircuitRewrite;
@@ -345,12 +345,66 @@ impl LexicographicCostFunction<fn(&OpType) -> usize, 2> {
     /// is used to rank circuits with equal CX count.
     ///
     /// This is probably a good default for NISQ-y circuit optimisation.
-    #[inline]
+    pub fn default_cx_strategy() -> ExhaustiveGreedyStrategy<Self> {
+        Self::cx_count().into_greedy_strategy()
+    }
+
+    /// Non-increasing rewrite strategy based on CX count.
+    ///
+    /// A fine-grained cost function given by the total number of quantum gates
+    /// is used to rank circuits with equal CX count.
+    ///
+    /// This is probably a good default for NISQ-y circuit optimisation.
+    ///
+    /// Deprecated: Use `default_cx_strategy` instead.
+    // TODO: Remove this method in the next breaking release.
+    #[deprecated(since = "0.5.1", note = "Use `default_cx_strategy` instead.")]
     pub fn default_cx() -> ExhaustiveGreedyStrategy<Self> {
+        Self::default_cx_strategy()
+    }
+
+    /// Non-increasing rewrite cost function based on CX gate count.
+    ///
+    /// A fine-grained cost function given by the total number of quantum gates
+    /// is used to rank circuits with equal Rz gate count.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cx_count() -> Self {
         Self {
             cost_fns: [|op| is_cx(op) as usize, |op| is_quantum(op) as usize],
         }
-        .into()
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Ideally, do not count Clifford rotations in the cost function.
+    /// Non-increasing rewrite cost function based on Rz gate count.
+    ///
+    /// A fine-grained cost function given by the total number of quantum gates
+    /// is used to rank circuits with equal Rz gate count.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn rz_count() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cost_fns: [
+                |op| op_matches(op, Tk2Op::Rz) as usize,
+                |op| is_quantum(op) as usize,
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Consume the cost function and create a greedy rewrite strategy out of
+    /// it.
+    pub fn into_greedy_strategy(self) -> ExhaustiveGreedyStrategy<Self> {
+        ExhaustiveGreedyStrategy { strat_cost: self }
+    }
+
+    /// Consume the cost function and create a threshold rewrite strategy out
+    /// of it.
+    pub fn into_threshold_strategy(self) -> ExhaustiveThresholdStrategy<Self> {
+        ExhaustiveThresholdStrategy { strat_cost: self }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for LexicographicCostFunction<fn(&OpType) -> usize, 2> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        LexicographicCostFunction::cx_count()
     }
 }
 
@@ -440,7 +494,6 @@ mod tests {
         circuit::Circuit,
         rewrite::{CircuitRewrite, Subcircuit},
         utils::build_simple_circuit,
-        Tk2Op,
     };
 
     fn n_cx(n_gates: usize) -> Circuit {
@@ -512,7 +565,7 @@ mod tests {
             rw_to_empty(&circ, cx_gates[9..10].to_vec()),
         ];
 
-        let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx();
+        let strategy = LexicographicCostFunction::cx_count().into_greedy_strategy();
         let rewritten = strategy.apply_rewrites(rws, &circ).collect_vec();
         let exp_circ_lens = HashSet::from_iter([3, 7, 9]);
         let circ_lens: HashSet<_> = rewritten.iter().map(|r| r.circ.num_operations()).collect();
@@ -557,7 +610,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_exhaustive_default_cx_cost() {
-        let strat = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx();
+        let strat = LexicographicCostFunction::cx_count().into_greedy_strategy();
         let circ = n_cx(3);
         assert_eq!(strat.circuit_cost(&circ), (3, 3).into());
         let circ = build_simple_circuit(2, |circ| {
@@ -572,7 +625,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_exhaustive_default_cx_threshold() {
-        let strat = LexicographicCostFunction::default_cx().strat_cost;
+        let strat = LexicographicCostFunction::cx_count();
         assert!(strat.under_threshold(&(3, 0).into(), &(3, 0).into()));
         assert!(strat.under_threshold(&(3, 0).into(), &(3, 5).into()));
         assert!(!strat.under_threshold(&(3, 10).into(), &(4, 0).into()));