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Implementation notes regarding ADB. | ||
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I. General Overview: | ||
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The Android Debug Bridge (ADB) is used to: | ||
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- keep track of all Android devices and emulators instances | ||
connected to or running on a given host developer machine | ||
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- implement various control commands (e.g. "adb shell", "adb pull", etc..) | ||
for the benefit of clients (command-line users, or helper programs like | ||
DDMS). These commands are what is called a 'service' in ADB. | ||
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As a whole, everything works through the following components: | ||
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1. The ADB server | ||
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This is a background process that runs on the host machine. Its purpose | ||
if to sense the USB ports to know when devices are attached/removed, | ||
as well as when emulator instances start/stop. | ||
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It thus maintains a list of "connected devices" and assigns a 'state' | ||
to each one of them: OFFLINE, BOOTLOADER, RECOVERY or ONLINE (more on | ||
this below). | ||
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The ADB server is really one giant multiplexing loop whose purpose is | ||
to orchestrate the exchange of data (packets, really) between clients, | ||
services and devices. | ||
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2. The ADB daemon (adbd) | ||
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The 'adbd' program runs as a background process within an Android device | ||
or emulated system. Its purpose is to connect to the ADB server | ||
(through USB for devices, through TCP for emulators) and provide a | ||
few services for clients that run on the host. | ||
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The ADB server considers that a device is ONLINE when it has succesfully | ||
connected to the adbd program within it. Otherwise, the device is OFFLINE, | ||
meaning that the ADB server detected a new device/emulator, but could not | ||
connect to the adbd daemon. | ||
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the BOOTLOADER and RECOVERY states correspond to alternate states of | ||
devices when they are in the bootloader or recovery mode. | ||
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3. The ADB command-line client | ||
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The 'adb' command-line program is used to run adb commands from a shell | ||
or a script. It first tries to locate the ADB server on the host machine, | ||
and will start one automatically if none is found. | ||
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then, the client sends its service requests to the ADB server. It doesn't | ||
need to know. | ||
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Currently, a single 'adb' binary is used for both the server and client. | ||
this makes distribution and starting the server easier. | ||
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4. Services | ||
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There are essentially two kinds of services that a client can talk to. | ||
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Host Services: | ||
these services run within the ADB Server and thus do not need to | ||
communicate with a device at all. A typical example is "adb devices" | ||
which is used to return the list of currently known devices and their | ||
state. They are a few couple other services though. | ||
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Local Services: | ||
these services either run within the adbd daemon, or are started by | ||
it on the device. The ADB server is used to multiplex streams | ||
between the client and the service running in adbd. In this case | ||
its role is to initiate the connection, then of being a pass-through | ||
for the data. | ||
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II. Protocol details: | ||
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1. Client <-> Server protocol: | ||
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This details the protocol used between ADB clients and the ADB | ||
server itself. The ADB server listens on TCP:localhost:5037. | ||
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A client sends a request using the following format: | ||
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1. A 4-byte hexadecimal string giving the length of the payload | ||
2. Followed by the payload itself. | ||
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For example, to query the ADB server for its internal version number, | ||
the client will do the following: | ||
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1. Connect to tcp:localhost:5037 | ||
2. Send the string "000Chost:version" to the corresponding socket | ||
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The 'host:' prefix is used to indicate that the request is addressed | ||
to the server itself (we will talk about other kinds of requests later). | ||
The content length is encoded in ASCII for easier debugging. | ||
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The server should answer a request with one of the following: | ||
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1. For success, the 4-byte "OKAY" string | ||
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2. For failure, the 4-byte "FAIL" string, followed by a | ||
4-byte hex length, followed by a string giving the reason | ||
for failure. | ||
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3. As a special exception, for 'host:version', a 4-byte | ||
hex string corresponding to the server's internal version number | ||
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Note that the connection is still alive after an OKAY, which allows the | ||
client to make other requests. But in certain cases, an OKAY will even | ||
change the state of the connection. | ||
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For example, the case of the 'host:transport:<serialnumber>' request, | ||
where '<serialnumber>' is used to identify a given device/emulator; after | ||
the "OKAY" answer, all further requests made by the client will go | ||
directly to the corresponding adbd daemon. | ||
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The file SERVICES.TXT lists all services currently implemented by ADB. | ||
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2. Transports: | ||
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An ADB transport models a connection between the ADB server and one device | ||
or emulator. There are currently two kinds of transports: | ||
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- USB transports, for physical devices through USB | ||
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- Local transports, for emulators running on the host, connected to | ||
the server through TCP | ||
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In theory, it should be possible to write a local transport that proxies | ||
a connection between an ADB server and a device/emulator connected to/ | ||
running on another machine. This hasn't been done yet though. | ||
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Each transport can carry one or more multiplexed streams between clients | ||
and the device/emulator they point to. The ADB server must handle | ||
unexpected transport disconnections (e.g. when a device is physically | ||
unplugged) properly. |
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