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Python_Concepts.py

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+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Untitled1.ipynb
+
+Automatically generated by Colaboratory.
+
+Original file is located at
+    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1M8npkdFpiHt0lKRgySIMBVBHvwFKtkEy
+"""
+
+print("Hello, World!")
+
+"""Variables, Operations and Data Types"""
+
+# Variables and basic operations
+a = 5
+b = 3
+print("Sum:", a + b)
+print("Difference:", a - b)
+print("Product:", a * b)
+print("Division:", a / b)
+
+# Variables and Data Types
+number = 10  # Integer
+floating_point = 3.14  # Float
+text = "Hello, World!"  # String
+is_true = True  # Boolean
+
+# Checking data types
+print(type(number))
+print(type(floating_point))
+print(type(text))
+print(type(is_true))
+
+"""Control Structures"""
+
+# If...Else Statements
+x = 10
+if x > 10:
+    print("x is greater than 10")
+elif x == 10:
+    print("x is equal to 10")
+else:
+    print("x is less than 10")
+
+"""Loops"""
+
+# For loop
+for i in range(5):
+    print(i)
+
+# While loop
+counter = 0
+while counter < 5:
+    print(counter)
+    counter += 1
+
+"""Conditional Statements"""
+
+# Conditional Statements
+x = 10
+
+if x > 10:
+    print("x is greater than 10")
+elif x == 10:
+    print("x is equal to 10")
+else:
+    print("x is less than 10")
+
+"""Functions"""
+
+# Functions
+def greet(name):
+    print("Hello, " + name + "!")
+
+greet("Alice")
+
+"""Lists and Dictionaries"""
+
+# Lists
+fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
+print(fruits[0])  # Accessing the first element
+fruits.append("grape")  # Adding an element
+print(fruits)
+
+# Dictionaries
+person = {
+    "name": "Alice",
+    "age": 30,
+    "city": "New York"
+}
+print(person["name"])  # Accessing value by key
+
+"""Classes and Objects"""
+
+# Classes and Objects
+class Car:
+    def __init__(self, brand, model):
+        self.brand = brand
+        self.model = model
+
+    def display_info(self):
+        print(f"{self.brand} {self.model}")
+
+car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
+car.display_info()
+
+"""Exception Handling"""
+
+# Exception Handling
+try:
+    result = 10 / 0  # This will raise a ZeroDivisionError
+except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+    print("Error:", e)
+
+"""File Handling:"""
+
+# File Handling - Writing to a file
+with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
+    file.write("This is an example text.")
+
+# File Handling - Reading from a file
+with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
+    content = file.read()
+    print(content)
+
+"""Modules and Libraries"""
+
+# Modules and Libraries
+import math
+
+print(math.sqrt(25))
+
+"""List Comprehensions"""
+
+# List Comprehensions
+numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+squared_numbers = [num**2 for num in numbers]
+print(squared_numbers)
+
+"""Lambda Functions"""
+
+# Lambda Functions
+square = lambda x: x * x
+print(square(5))
+
+"""Object-Oriented Programming Concepts"""
+
+# Inheritance
+class Animal:
+    def sound(self):
+        pass
+
+class Dog(Animal):
+    def sound(self):
+        print("Woof")
+
+class Cat(Animal):
+    def sound(self):
+        print("Meow")
+
+dog = Dog()
+dog.sound()
+
+cat = Cat()
+cat.sound()
+
+"""Slicing"""
+
+my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+
+# Splitting into two parts
+split_index = 5
+first_part = my_list[:split_index]
+second_part = my_list[split_index:]
+
+print("First part:", first_part)
+print("Second part:", second_part)
+
+my_string = "apple,orange,banana,grape"
+fruits_list = my_string.split(',')
+print(fruits_list)
+
+"""String Operations"""
+
+# String Concatenation (Merging)
+string1 = "Hello, "
+string2 = "World!"
+merged_string = string1 + string2
+print(merged_string)
+
+# String Splitting
+sentence = "This is a sample sentence."
+words = sentence.split()  # Splitting by spaces (default)
+print(words)
+
+# Splitting with a specific delimiter
+csv_data = "apple,orange,banana,grape"
+fruits = csv_data.split(',')
+print(fruits)
+
+# String Substring
+text = "Hello, World!"
+substring = text[7:]  # Extracting substring
+print(substring)
+
+# Changing Case
+text_upper = text.upper()
+text_lower = text.lower()
+print(text_upper)
+print(text_lower)
+
+# String Joining
+words_list = ["This", "is", "a", "sentence"]
+sentence = ' '.join(words_list)  # Joining with a space
+print(sentence)
+
+# String Formatting
+name = "Alice"
+age = 30
+formatted_string = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old."
+print(formatted_string)
+
+"""Merging"""
+
+# Merging Lists
+list1 = [1, 2, 3]
+list2 = [4, 5, 6]
+
+# Using the + operator
+merged_list = list1 + list2
+print(merged_list)
+
+# Using the extend() method
+list1.extend(list2)
+print(list1)
+
+# Merging Dictionaries
+dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
+dict2 = {'c': 3, 'd': 4}
+
+merged_dict = dict1.copy()  # Make a copy to preserve original dict1
+merged_dict.update(dict2)
+print(merged_dict)
+
+# Merging Sets
+set1 = {1, 2, 3}
+set2 = {3, 4, 5}
+
+merged_set = set1.union(set2)
+print(merged_set)
+
+# Using the | operator
+merged_set_operator = set1 | set2
+print(merged_set_operator)
+
+# Merging Tuples
+tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
+tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
+
+merged_tuple = tuple1 + tuple2
+print(merged_tuple)
+
+"""Generators"""
+
+# Generator
+def square_numbers(nums):
+    for num in nums:
+        yield num * num
+
+my_nums = square_numbers([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+for num in my_nums:
+    print(num)
+
+"""Decorators"""
+
+# Decorators
+def my_decorator(func):
+    def wrapper():
+        print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
+        func()
+        print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
+    return wrapper
+
+@my_decorator
+def say_hello():
+    print("Hello!")
+
+say_hello()
+
+"""Map, Filter, and Reduce"""
+
+# Map, Filter, Reduce
+# map()
+numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, numbers))
+print(squared)
+
+# filter()
+even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
+print(even_numbers)
+
+# reduce() - (In Python 3, moved to functools module)
+from functools import reduce
+product = reduce((lambda x, y: x * y), numbers)
+print(product)