C++: Make it unnecessary to patch Linux crosstool in Bazel

Tested with Bazel CI downstream projects. These fail for unrelated reasons. Both together show that everything is green with my change:
https://buildkite.com/bazel/bazel-at-head-plus-downstream/builds/971
https://buildkite.com/bazel/bazel-at-head-plus-downstream/builds/969

This change makes it unnecessary to patch most CppActionConfig features only in Linux for now.

The build_interface_libraries feature is still patched. Once Bazel is released with this change: 4eb7683
we can stop patching it.

Also a separate change should do the same for Windows and Mac.

This also unblocks flipping --incompatible_do_not_split_linking_cmdline

#8303, #6926, #7687

RELNOTES:none
PiperOrigin-RevId: 248117783