[17839] Update runner and GCC version for Thread Sanitizer job

[jsan-rt]

Currently, the configured runner OS for the Thread Sanitizer Github Action is Ubuntu 20.04. This PR updates it to 22.04 and update GCC to version 12.1 (from the 11.3 default) to prevent several false positives triggered by the old version.

Description

Contributor Checklist

• Commit messages follow the project guidelines.
• The code follows the style guidelines of this project.
• [N/A] Tests that thoroughly check the new feature have been added/Regression tests checking the bug and its fix have been added; the added tests pass locally
• [N/A] Any new/modified methods have been properly documented using Doxygen.
• [N/A] Changes are ABI compatible.
• [N/A] Changes are API compatible.
• [N/A] New feature has been added to the versions.md file (if applicable).
• [N/A] New feature has been documented/Current behavior is correctly described in the documentation.
• [N/A] Applicable backports have been included in the description.

Reviewer Checklist

• The PR has a milestone assigned.
• Check contributor checklist is correct.
• Check CI results: changes do not issue any warning.
• Check CI results: failing tests are unrelated with the changes.

[EduPonz]

LGTM with green TSan job