Upgrade to Python 3.10; resolve dependency changes; minor refactor.

.env.example

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
 ENVIRONMENT=production
-FLASK_DEBUG=false
-SECRET_KEY=randomstringofcharacters
-
-LESS_BIN=/usr/local/bin/lessc
-ASSETS_DEBUG=False
-LESS_RUN_IN_DEBUG=False
-COMPRESSOR_DEBUG=False
+FLASK_DEBUG=False
+SECRET_KEY=randomstringofcharacters

.flake8

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[flake8]
+select = E9,F63,F7,F82
+exclude = .git,.github,__pycache__,.pytest_cache,.venv,logs,creds
+max-line-length = 120

.github/workflows/pythonapp.yml

@@ -5,32 +5,30 @@ name: Python application
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [master]
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [master]
 
 jobs:
   build:
-
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Set up Python 3.9
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install flake8 pytest
-        if [ -f requirements.txt ]; then pip install -r requirements.txt; fi
-    - name: Lint with flake8
-      run: |
-        # stop the build if there are Python syntax errors or undefined names
-        flake8 . --count --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics
-        # exit-zero treats all errors as warnings. The GitHub editor is 127 chars wide
-        flake8 . --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics
-    - name: Test with pytest
-      run: |
-        pytest
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.10"
+          cache: "pip" # caching pip dependencies
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+          pip install flake8 pytest
+          if [ -f requirements.txt ]; then pip install -r requirements.txt; fi
+
+      - name: Lint with flake8
+        run: |
+          # stop the build if there are Python syntax errors or undefined names
+          flake8 . --count --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics
+          # exit-zero treats all errors as warnings. The GitHub editor is 127 chars wide
+          flake8 . --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics

Makefile

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ $(VIRTUAL_ENV):
 
 .PHONY: run
 run: env
-	  $(LOCAL_PYTHON) -m gunicorn -w 4 wsgi:app
+	$(LOCAL_PYTHON) -m gunicorn -w 4 wsgi:app
 
 .PHONY: install
 install: env

README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # Flask Blueprint Tutorial
 
-![Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-v^3.10-blue.svg?logo=python&longCache=true&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&style=flat-square&colorA=4c566a)
-![Flask](https://img.shields.io/badge/Flask-v2.2.2-blue.svg?longCache=true&logo=flask&style=flat-square&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&colorA=4c566a)
-![Flask-Assets](https://img.shields.io/badge/Flask--Assets-v2.0-blue.svg?longCache=true&logo=flask&style=flat-square&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&colorA=4c566a)
+![Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-v3.10-blue.svg?logo=python&longCache=true&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&style=flat-square&colorA=4c566a)
+![Flask](https://img.shields.io/badge/Flask-v3.0.0-blue.svg?longCache=true&logo=flask&style=flat-square&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&colorA=4c566a)
+![Flask-Assets](https://img.shields.io/badge/Flask--Assets-v2.1.0-blue.svg?longCache=true&logo=flask&style=flat-square&logoColor=white&colorB=5e81ac&colorA=4c566a)
+![Gunicorn](https://img.shields.io/badge/Gunicorn-v21.2.0-blue.svg?longCache=true&logo=gunicorn&style=flat-square&logoColor=white&colorB=a3be8c&colorA=4c566a)
 ![GitHub Last Commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/google/skia.svg?style=flat-square&colorA=4c566a&colorB=a3be8c&logo=GitHub)
 [![GitHub Issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues/hackersandslackers/flask-blueprint-tutorial.svg?style=flat-square&colorA=4c566a&logo=GitHub&colorB=ebcb8b)](https://github.com/hackersandslackers/flask-blueprint-tutorial/issues)
 [![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/hackersandslackers/flask-blueprint-tutorial.svg?style=flat-square&colorA=4c566a&logo=GitHub&colorB=ebcb8b)](https://github.com/hackersandslackers/flask-blueprint-tutorial/stargazers)
@@ -24,12 +25,8 @@ Get set up locally in two steps:
 Replace the values in **.env.example** with your values and rename this file to **.env**:
 
 * `ENVIRONMENT`: The environment in which to run your application (either `development` or `production`).
-* `FLASK_APP`: Entry point of your application; should be `wsgi.py`.
+* `FLASK_DEBUG`: Set to `True` to enable Flask's debug mode (default to `False` in prod).
 * `SECRET_KEY`: Randomly generated string of characters used to encrypt your app's data.
-* `LESS_BIN` *(optional for static assets)*: Path to your local LESS installation via `which lessc`.
-* `ASSETS_DEBUG` *(optional)*: Debug asset creation and bundling in `development`.
-* `LESS_RUN_IN_DEBUG` *(optional)*: Debug LESS while in `development`.
-* `COMPRESSOR_DEBUG` *(optional)*: Debug asset compression while in `development`.
 
 *Remember never to commit secrets saved in .env files to Github.*
 
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ Get up and running with `make run`:
 ```shell
 git clone https://github.com/hackersandslackers/flask-blueprint-tutorial.git
 cd flask-blueprint-tutorial
-make run
+make deploy
 ```
 
 -----

config.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 """Class-based Flask app configuration."""
-from os import environ, path
+from os import environ, path, system
 
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 
@@ -11,22 +11,24 @@ class Config:
     """Configuration from environment variables."""
 
     # General Config\
-    ENVIRONMENTS = environ.get("ENVIRONMENT")
+    ENVIRONMENT = environ.get("ENVIRONMENT")
 
     # Flask Config
     SECRET_KEY = environ.get("SECRET_KEY")
     FLASK_DEBUG = environ.get("FLASK_DEBUG")
     FLASK_APP = "wsgi.py"
 
-    # Flask-Assets
-    LESS_BIN = environ.get("LESS_BIN")
-    ASSETS_DEBUG = False
-    LESS_RUN_IN_DEBUG = False
-
     # Static Assets
     STATIC_FOLDER = "static"
     TEMPLATES_FOLDER = "templates"
     COMPRESSOR_DEBUG = False
 
+    # Flask-Assets
+    LESS_BIN = system("which lessc")
+    ASSETS_DEBUG = False
+    LESS_RUN_IN_DEBUG = False
+    if ENVIRONMENT == "development" and LESS_BIN is None:
+        raise ValueError("Application running in `development` mode cannot create assets without `lessc` installed.")
+
     # Hardcoded data
     PRODUCT_DATA_FILEPATH = f"{BASE_DIR}/data/products.json"

flask_blueprint_tutorial/assets.py

@@ -3,8 +3,14 @@
 from flask_assets import Bundle
 
 
-def compile_static_assets(assets):
-    """Create stylesheet bundles."""
+def compile_static_assets(assets: Bundle) -> Bundle:
+    """
+    Create CSS stylesheet bundles from .less files.
+
+    :param Bundle assets: Static asset bundle.
+
+    :returns: Bundle
+    """
     assets.auto_build = True
     assets.debug = False
     common_style_bundle = Bundle(
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ def compile_static_assets(assets):
     assets.register("home_style_bundle", home_style_bundle)
     assets.register("profile_style_bundle", profile_style_bundle)
     assets.register("product_style_bundle", product_style_bundle)
-    if app.config["ENVIRONMENTS"] == "development":
+    if app.config["ENVIRONMENT"] == "development":
         common_style_bundle.build()
         home_style_bundle.build()
         profile_style_bundle.build()

flask_blueprint_tutorial/home/home.py

@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@
 
 
 @home_blueprint.route("/", methods=["GET"])
-def home():
-    """Render application Homepage."""
+def home() -> str:
+    """
+    Serve `Home` page template.
+
+    :returns: str
+    """
     products = fetch_products(app)
     return render_template(
         "index.jinja2",
@@ -23,8 +27,12 @@ def home():
 
 
 @home_blueprint.route("/about", methods=["GET"])
-def about():
-    """Render static `about` page."""
+def about() -> str:
+    """
+    Serve `About` page template.
+
+    :returns: str
+    """
     return render_template(
         "index.jinja2",
         title="About",
@@ -34,8 +42,12 @@ def about():
 
 
 @home_blueprint.route("/contact", methods=["GET"])
-def contact():
-    """Render  page."""
+def contact() -> str:
+    """
+    Serve `Contact` page template.
+
+    :returns: str
+    """
     return render_template(
         "index.jinja2",
         title="Contact",

flask_blueprint_tutorial/products/products.py

@@ -10,9 +10,14 @@
 
 
 @product_bp.route("/products/<int:product_id>/", methods=["GET"])
-def product_page(product_id):
-    """Product description page."""
-    products_json = app.config["FLASK_ENV"]
+def product_page(product_id: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Product detail page for a given product ID.
+
+    :params int product_id: Unique product ID.
+
+    :returns: str
+    """
     product = fetch_products(app)[product_id]
     return render_template(
         "products.jinja2",

flask_blueprint_tutorial/profile/profile.py

@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@
 
 
 @profile_blueprint.route("/profile", methods=["GET"])
-def user_profile():
-    """Logged-in user profile page."""
+def user_profile() -> str:
+    """
+    Logged-in user profile page.
+
+    :returns: str
+    """
     user = fake.simple_profile()
     job = fake.job()
     return render_template(