chore(readme): modernize readme

[rwaskiewicz]

Pull request checklist

Please check if your PR fulfills the following requirements:

• Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
• Docs have been reviewed and added / updated if needed (for bug fixes / features)
• Build (npm run build) was run locally and any changes were pushed
• Unit tests (npm test) were run locally and passed
• E2E Tests (npm run test.karma.prod) were run locally and passed
• Prettier (npm run prettier) was run locally and passed

Pull request type

Please check the type of change your PR introduces:

• Bugfix
• Feature
• Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
• Build related changes
• Documentation content changes
• Other (please describe):

What is the current behavior?

Our README is a bit stale, full of information that should be modernized/fact checked
GitHub Issue Number: N/A

What is the new behavior?

Replicated some of the work (read: a lot) of the work done in ionic-team/ionic-framework#24368. Highlights include:

• adding the Stencil logo
• adding quick links to things like documentation, the community
• removing redundant/out of date information
• removing data that can be found in the Stencil docs

Does this introduce a breaking change?

• Yes
• No

Testing

The only tricky thing here is that the link to the logo assumes it's already checked into the repo, which it's obviously not at this time. That I couldn't test, but the path looks right to me.

Other information