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117 changes: 1 addition & 116 deletions _build/html/_sources/lesson_07/07_01_d-stem.ipynb
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"GoA 33.2\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"# L6.1: Stative\n",
"It is still a matter of discussion if the stative is a verbal or a nominal form. It seems to have developped from a nominal sentence but at the same time it possesses personal endings and can have objects like a verb. Thus in this coursebook it will be treated as a category on its own between verbs and nouns. \n",
"# L7.1: D-stem\n",
"\n",
"- The stative is used to describe timeless states in constrast to the tenses, that reproduce dynamic actions, events, processes, etc.\n",
"\n",
"```{admonition} Example\n",
"- Stative: *ṭāb* \"it is good\"\n",
"- Preterite: *iṭīb* \"he became good\"\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"## Endings of the Stative\n",
"| | Independent Pronouns | Stative without *e*-Coloration | Stative without *e*-Coloration |\n",
"|-------- | ----------------------- |--------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | \n",
"| 3m | *šū* | -ø | -ø \n",
"| 3f | *šī* | *-at* | *-et* \n",
"| 2m | *attā* | *-āta* | *-ēta* \n",
"| 2f | *atti* | *-āti* | *-ēti* \n",
"| 1c | *anāku* | *-āku* | *-ēku* \n",
"| 3m | *šunu* | *-ū* | *-ū* \n",
"| 3f | *šina* | *-ā* | *-ā* \n",
"| 2m | *attunu* | *-ātunu* | *-ētunu* \n",
"| 2f | *attina* | *-ātina* | *-ētina* \n",
"| 1c | *nīnu* | *-ānu* | *-ēnu* \n",
"\n",
"## Stative forms\n",
"The stative can be build from a verbal adjective and nouns:\n",
"\n",
"### Stative from a Verb\n",
"The ending of the stative are added to the verbal adjective:\n",
"\n",
"| | Verbaladjective | Ending | Stative | Translation |\n",
"|-------- | --------------- |--------- | ------- | ----------- |\n",
"| 3m.s. | *paris* | -ø | *damiq* | He is good |\n",
"| 3f.s. | *paris* | *-at* | *damqat* | She is good | \n",
"| 2m.s. | *paris* | *-āta* | *damqāta* | You (masc.) are good | \n",
"| 2f.s | *paris* | *-āti* | *damqāti* | You (fem.) are good | \n",
"| 1c.s | *paris* | *-āku* | *damqāku* | I am good | \n",
"| 3m.pl | *paris* | *-ū* | *damqū* | They (masc.) are good | \n",
"| 3f.pl. | *paris* | *-ā* | *damqā* | They (fem.) are good | \n",
"| 2m.pl. | *paris* | *-ātunu* | *damqātunu* | You (masc.) are good | \n",
"| 2f.pl. | *paris* | *-ātina* | *damqātina* | You (fem.) are good | \n",
"| 1c.pl. | *paris* | *-ānu* | *damqānu* | We are good | \n",
"\n",
"```{warning}\n",
"[Geminated verbs](/lesson_04/04_04_geminated-verbs.ipynb) can have a special conjugation pattern, because the reduplicated radical desappears and the vowel becomes long:\n",
"\n",
"- *danānu* \"to be strong\" > *dān* \"he is strong\", but *dannāta* \"you are strong\"\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"### Meaning\n",
"The meaning is \n",
"\n",
"- with active-transitive verbs: passiv.\n",
" \n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *paris* \"it is divided\"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"- with intransitive verbs: resultative.\n",
" \n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *wašib* \"he seats\" (lit. \"he is in the state of seating\")\n",
" - *ina ālim wašbānu* \"We live in the city\"\n",
" - *šalmāku* \"I am well\"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"- with adjectival verbs: descriptive.\n",
" \n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *damiq* \"he is goodseats\"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"- With some verbs it can have active as well as passive meaning.\n",
"\n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *ṣabtāku* \"he is taken/he has taken\" \n",
" - *mahiṣ* \"hi is beaten/he has beaten\"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"- The stative can have a direct object\n",
"\n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *murṣam dannam marṣāku* \"I am ill with a serious illness\"\n",
" - *zumram damiq* \"He is beautiful in body\" \n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"- The stative is tenseless. It can be used in the present, past or future.\n",
"- \n",
"### Stative from a Noun\n",
"Although seldom the stative can also be built from a noun. \n",
"\n",
"- The status absolutus without endings is used and the personal stative endings are added:\n",
"\n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *ward-āku* \"I am a slave\" (lit. I am in the state of being a slave)\n",
" - *šarr-āku* \"I am king\" \n",
" - *išpar-at* \"She is a weaver\"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
" ```{note}\n",
" - The stative seems to be developped from a nominal sentence like: *wardum anāku* → *ward+āku*\n",
" - The feminive forms like *išparat* are build using the masculine.\n",
" ```\n",
"- Stative from nouns are used for personal status\n",
"\n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *išparat* \"She is a weaver\".\n",
" - *ul iššat* \"She is not 'wife'\".\n",
" - *šarrāq* \"He is a thief\"\n",
" ```\n",
"- Stative from nouns are used for personal names\n",
"\n",
" ```{admonition} Example\n",
" - *Addu-Malik* \"The god Adad is the king\".\n",
" - *Kibrī-Dagan* \"My shore is Dagan\".\n",
" - *Tukultī-Ninurta* \"My trust is Ninurta \"\n",
" ```\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n"
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49 changes: 1 addition & 48 deletions _build/html/_sources/lesson_07/07_02_š-stem.ipynb
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"GoA 16.1\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"# L6.1: Imperative and Cohortative\n",
"The imperative is the form for commands. \n",
"# L7.2: Š-stem\n",
"\n",
"- It occurs only in the second person. \n",
"- The form of the imperative is essentially the preterite without a prefix.\n",
"- It expresses a possitive comand. It can not be negated. For the negated command see the prohibitive. \n",
"- Thus the theme vowel is always that of the preterite:\n",
"\n",
"```{admonition} Example\n",
"- Preterite: *iprus* \"he divided\"\n",
"- Imperative: *purus* \"divide!\"\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"- The ending for the feminine singular is *-ī*.\n",
"- The ending for the plural communis *-ā*.\n",
"- When endings are added, the unstressed vowel of the second syllable is elided;\n",
"\n",
"```{admonition} Example\n",
"- 2. masc. sing.: *purus* \"divide!\"\n",
"- 2. fem. sing.: *pursī* \"divide!\"\n",
"- pl. com.: *pursā* \"divide!\"\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"- The only exception to this rule are the following five verbs of the *a*-class verbs:\n",
"\n",
"```{admonition} Exceptions\n",
"- *lamādum* \"to learn\" → *limad*\n",
"- *palāhum* \"to fear, worship\" → *pilah*\n",
"- *pašāhum* \"to refresh oneself\" → *pisah*\n",
"- *rakābum* \"to ride, mount* → *rikab*\n",
"- *takālum* \"to trust\" → *tikal*\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"## Conjugation of the Imperative\n",
"| | 2ms | 2fs | pl.com. |\n",
"| ----- | ------- | -------- | ------- |\n",
"| G *a-u* | *purus* | *pursī* | *pursā* | \n",
"| G *i* | *širiq* | *širqī* | *širqā* |\n",
"| G *a* | *ṣabat* | *ṣabtī* | *ṣabtā*\n",
"| G *u* | *muqut* | *muqtī* | *muqtā*\n",
"\n",
"## The Cohortative \n",
"This is the form for commands in the 1. plural:\n",
"\n",
"- It is built with the particle *i* and the preterite:\n",
"\n",
"```{admonition} Example\n",
"*i niprus* \"We want to divide / Let's divide\"\n",
"```\n",
"\n"
]
}
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"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# L5.3: Precative\n"
"# L7.3: N-stem\n"
]
}
],
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion _build/html/_sources/lesson_07/07_04_exercises.ipynb
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"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# L6.4: Vetitive\n"
"# L7.4: Exercises\n"
]
}
],
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion _build/html/_sources/lesson_07/07_06_assignment.ipynb
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"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# L6.6: Exercises"
"# L7.6: Assignment"
]
}
],
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions _build/html/lesson_07/07_00_intro.html
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<script async="async" src="../_static/sphinx-thebe.js"></script>
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="L6.1: Stative" href="07_01_d-stem.html" />
<link rel="next" title="L7.1: D-stem" href="07_01_d-stem.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="L6.8: Assignment" href="../lesson_06/06_08_assignment.html" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="docsearch:language" content="None">
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ <h1>L7.0: Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#l7-0-introduction" title="Per
<a class='right-next' id="next-link" href="07_01_d-stem.html" title="next page">
<div class="prev-next-info">
<p class="prev-next-subtitle">next</p>
<p class="prev-next-title">L6.1: Stative</p>
<p class="prev-next-title">L7.1: D-stem</p>
</div>
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</a>
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