Test updates of CCCL (thrust, cub, libcudacxx) to 2.1.0.

[bdice]

This PR tests a rapids-cmake branch with CCCL (thrust, cub, libcudacxx) updated to 2.1.0. Do not merge this PR. The changes will be merged upstream in rapids-cmake after all libraries pass CI.

[bdice]

This PR is ready to pass off to a cuGraph C++ dev for completion. We are planning to ship CCCL 2.1.0 support (possibly CCCL 2.2.0) in RAPIDS 23.12. The corresponding rapids-cmake changes will be merged early in the development cycle for 23.12. We are aiming for the PRs to every RAPIDS library to be ready to merge changes needed for CCCL 2 support when 23.10 burndown begins and the 23.12 branch is created. The general readiness of RAPIDS libraries for this CCCL major version bump is being tracked here: rapidsai/rapids-cmake#399 (comment)

The most common changes that are needed are to wrap device lambdas where the return type is needed on the host with cuda::proclaim_return_type<ReturnType>([...] __device__ (...){ ... });. This is most often needed for thrust::transform calls, or when constructing transform iterators, though other Thrust/CUB algorithms also have this requirement. Algorithms like thrust::for_each, however, do not require the return type to be known by the host -- so don't assume that every __device__ lambda needs to proclaim a return type. (Most of the time, I believe the difference has to do with whether the working memory or shared memory sizes of that algorithm depend on the return type.) Please refer to rapidsai/cudf#13222 for more examples.

Be aware that some build errors might be due to other API changes in CCCL 2.1.0, so there may be additional changes necessary besides device lambda return types. Consult the changelogs below for more information:

• https://github.com/NVIDIA/thrust/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
• https://github.com/NVIDIA/cub/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
• https://github.com/NVIDIA/libcudacxx/blob/main/docs/releases/changelog.md

[bdice]

Closing in favor of #4052.