Rewrite LIKE clauses with wildcards as CONCAT functions.

We support wrapping parameters (named or positional) with optional wildcards when doing LIKE patterns. This is out-of-band and requires moving the wildcards into the bindings. To stop doing this and causing race conditions, we can instead rewrite the queries using the CONCAT function. This function is standard across relational database (native queries) as well as JPA providers (Hibernate and EclipseLink).

Resolves #2939.
Related: #2760.

spring-data-jpa/src/main/java/org/springframework/data/jpa/repository/query/StringQuery.java

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.springframework.data.jpa.provider.PersistenceProvider;
 import org.springframework.data.repository.query.SpelQueryContext;
 import org.springframework.data.repository.query.SpelQueryContext.SpelExtractor;
@@ -53,6 +55,8 @@
  */
 class StringQuery implements DeclaredQuery {
 
+	private static final Log LOGGER = LogFactory.getLog(StringQuery.class);
+
 	private final String query;
 	private final List<ParameterBinding> bindings;
 	private final @Nullable String alias;
@@ -334,7 +338,47 @@ private static String replaceFirst(String text, String substring, String replace
 				return text;
 			}
 
-			return text.substring(0, index) + replacement + text.substring(index + substring.length());
+			return text.substring(0, index) + potentiallyWrapWithWildcards(replacement, substring)
+					+ text.substring(index + substring.length());
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * If there are any pre- or post-wildcards ({@literal %}), replace them with a {@literal CONCAT} function and proper
+		 * wildcards as string literals. NOTE: {@literal CONCAT} appears to be a standard function across relational
+		 * databases as well as JPA providers.
+		 * 
+		 * @param replacement
+		 * @param substring
+		 * @return the replacement string properly wrapped in a {@literal CONCAT} function with wildcards applied.
+		 * @since 3.1
+		 */
+		private static String potentiallyWrapWithWildcards(String replacement, String substring) {
+
+			boolean wildcards = substring.startsWith("%") || substring.endsWith("%");
+
+			if (!wildcards) {
+				return replacement;
+			}
+
+			StringBuilder concatWrapper = new StringBuilder("CONCAT(");
+
+			if (substring.startsWith("%")) {
+				concatWrapper.append("'%',");
+			}
+
+			concatWrapper.append(replacement);
+
+			if (substring.endsWith("%")) {
+				concatWrapper.append(",'%'");
+			}
+
+			concatWrapper.append(")");
+
+			LOGGER.warn(
+					"You are using a non-standard query feature that may not be supported in the future (LIKE with '%' wildcards). "
+							+ "We suggest you rewrite [" + substring + "] as [" + concatWrapper + "]");
+
+			return concatWrapper.toString();
 		}
 
 		@Nullable
@@ -708,28 +752,12 @@ public Type getType() {
 		}
 
 		/**
-		 * Prepares the given raw keyword according to the like type.
+		 * Extracts the raw value properly.
 		 */
 		@Nullable
 		@Override
 		public Object prepare(@Nullable Object value) {
-
-			Object unwrapped = PersistenceProvider.unwrapTypedParameterValue(value);
-			if (unwrapped == null) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			switch (type) {
-				case STARTING_WITH:
-					return String.format("%s%%", unwrapped);
-				case ENDING_WITH:
-					return String.format("%%%s", unwrapped);
-				case CONTAINING:
-					return String.format("%%%s%%", unwrapped);
-				case LIKE:
-				default:
-					return unwrapped;
-			}
+			return PersistenceProvider.unwrapTypedParameterValue(value);
 		}
 
 		@Override

spring-data-jpa/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/jpa/repository/query/LikeBindingUnitTests.java

@@ -84,14 +84,4 @@ void setsUpInstanceForIndex() {
 		assertThat(binding.hasPosition(1)).isTrue();
 		assertThat(binding.getType()).isEqualTo(Type.CONTAINING);
 	}
-
-	@Test
-	void augmentsValueCorrectly() {
-
-		assertAugmentedValue(Type.CONTAINING, "%value%");
-		assertAugmentedValue(Type.ENDING_WITH, "%value");
-		assertAugmentedValue(Type.STARTING_WITH, "value%");
-
-		assertThat(new LikeParameterBinding(1, Type.CONTAINING).prepare(null)).isNull();
-	}
 }

spring-data-jpa/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/jpa/repository/query/QueryWithNullLikeIntegrationTests.java

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.query;
 
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
 
 import jakarta.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
 
@@ -102,6 +102,40 @@ void customQueryWithNullMatch() {
 		assertThat(Employees).extracting(EmployeeWithName::getName).isEmpty();
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	void customQueryWithMultipleMatchInNative() {
+
+		List<EmployeeWithName> Employees = repository.customQueryWithNullableParamInNative("Baggins");
+
+		assertThat(Employees).extracting(EmployeeWithName::getName).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("Frodo Baggins",
+				"Bilbo Baggins");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void customQueryWithSingleMatchInNative() {
+
+		List<EmployeeWithName> Employees = repository.customQueryWithNullableParamInNative("Frodo");
+
+		assertThat(Employees).extracting(EmployeeWithName::getName).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("Frodo Baggins");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void customQueryWithEmptyStringMatchInNative() {
+
+		List<EmployeeWithName> Employees = repository.customQueryWithNullableParamInNative("");
+
+		assertThat(Employees).extracting(EmployeeWithName::getName).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("Frodo Baggins",
+				"Bilbo Baggins");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void customQueryWithNullMatchInNative() {
+
+		List<EmployeeWithName> Employees = repository.customQueryWithNullableParamInNative(null);
+
+		assertThat(Employees).extracting(EmployeeWithName::getName).isEmpty();
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	void derivedQueryStartsWithSingleMatch() {
 
@@ -235,6 +269,9 @@ public interface EmployeeWithNullLikeRepository extends JpaRepository<EmployeeWi
 		@Query("select e from EmployeeWithName e where e.name like %:partialName%")
 		List<EmployeeWithName> customQueryWithNullableParam(@Nullable @Param("partialName") String partialName);
 
+		@Query(value = "select * from EmployeeWithName as e where e.name like %:partialName%", nativeQuery = true)
+		List<EmployeeWithName> customQueryWithNullableParamInNative(@Nullable @Param("partialName") String partialName);
+
 		List<EmployeeWithName> findByNameStartsWith(@Nullable String partialName);
 
 		List<EmployeeWithName> findByNameEndsWith(@Nullable String partialName);

spring-data-jpa/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/jpa/repository/query/StringQueryUnitTests.java

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void detectsPositionalLikeBindings() {
 
 		assertThat(query.hasParameterBindings()).isTrue();
 		assertThat(query.getQueryString())
-				.isEqualTo("select u from User u where u.firstname like ?1 or u.lastname like ?2");
+				.isEqualTo("select u from User u where u.firstname like CONCAT('%',?1,'%') or u.lastname like CONCAT('%',?2)");
 
 		List<ParameterBinding> bindings = query.getParameterBindings();
 		assertThat(bindings).hasSize(2);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void detectsNamedLikeBindings() {
 		StringQuery query = new StringQuery("select u from User u where u.firstname like %:firstname", true);
 
 		assertThat(query.hasParameterBindings()).isTrue();
-		assertThat(query.getQueryString()).isEqualTo("select u from User u where u.firstname like :firstname");
+		assertThat(query.getQueryString()).isEqualTo("select u from User u where u.firstname like CONCAT('%',:firstname)");
 
 		List<ParameterBinding> bindings = query.getParameterBindings();
 		assertThat(bindings).hasSize(1);
@@ -199,8 +199,9 @@ void removesLikeBindingsFromQueryIfQueryContainsSimpleBinding() {
 		assertNamedBinding(LikeParameterBinding.class, "escapedWord", bindings.get(0));
 		assertNamedBinding(ParameterBinding.class, "word", bindings.get(1));
 
-		assertThat(query.getQueryString()).isEqualTo("SELECT a FROM Article a WHERE a.overview LIKE :escapedWord ESCAPE '~'"
-				+ " OR a.content LIKE :escapedWord ESCAPE '~' OR a.title = :word ORDER BY a.articleId DESC");
+		assertThat(query.getQueryString())
+				.isEqualTo("SELECT a FROM Article a WHERE a.overview LIKE CONCAT('%',:escapedWord,'%') ESCAPE '~'"
+						+ " OR a.content LIKE CONCAT('%',:escapedWord,'%') ESCAPE '~' OR a.title = :word ORDER BY a.articleId DESC");
 	}
 
 	@Test // DATAJPA-483