build: Faster repeated image builds

[alexec]

Each time you perform a git action, .git changes, including read-only operations This results is the Docker cache not working. git is invoked on every make invocation. This means that if you rebuild the executor, it must always rebuild.

Depends on #10615

---

Please do not open a pull request until you have checked ALL of these:

• Create the PR as draft .
• Run make pre-commit -B to fix codegen and lint problems.
• Sign-off your commits (otherwise the DCO check will fail).
• Use a conventional commit message (otherwise the commit message check will fail).
• "Fixes #" is in both the PR title (for release notes) and this description (to automatically link and close the issue).
• Add unit or e2e tests. Say how you tested your changes. If you changed the UI, attach screenshots.
• Github checks are green.
• Once required tests have passed, mark your PR "Ready for review".

If changes were requested, and you've made them, dismiss the review to get it reviewed again.

[alexec]

workflow-controller: untagged
  BuildDate: 2023-02-26T16:21:54Z
  GitCommit: 51ed115a8abc3385e97aef135a395a8402096748
  GitTreeState: clean
  GitTag: untagged
  GoVersion: go1.19.6
  Compiler: gc
  Platform: linux/arm64

workflow-controller: v3.4.5
  BuildDate: 2023-02-07T12:36:24Z
  GitCommit: 1253f443baa8ad1610d2e62ec26ecdc85fe1b837
  GitTreeState: clean
  GitTag: v3.4.5
  GoVersion: go1.18.10
  Compiler: gc
  Platform: linux/arm64

[alexec]

https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/actions?query=branch%3Av0.0.0-dev-no-git-0

[alexec]

It is important to test that images have the correct version information, which they do:

➜  ~ docker run --rm -ti quay.io/argoproj/workflow-controller:v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3 version       
...
workflow-controller: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3
  BuildDate: 2023-03-07T00:01:06Z
  GitCommit: f015a9b7e24025e12ed1ea5912fc52aa7715c44f
  GitTreeState: clean
  GitTag: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3
➜  ~ docker run --rm -ti quay.io/argoproj/argocli:v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3 version
...

argo: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3
  BuildDate: 2023-03-07T00:23:58Z
  GitCommit: f015a9b7e24025e12ed1ea5912fc52aa7715c44f
  GitTreeState: clean
  GitTag: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3
➜  ~ docker run --rm -ti quay.io/argoproj/argoexec:v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3 version
...
argoexec: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3
  BuildDate: 2023-03-07T00:00:45Z
  GitCommit: f015a9b7e24025e12ed1ea5912fc52aa7715c44f
  GitTreeState: clean
  GitTag: v0.0.0-dev-no-git-3